:orphan:

WRF Physics References
======================

Below are all supported physics options in the WRF model. Most have publications that provide detailed information about each scheme. 

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.. _Microphysics:

Microphysics
------------

The microphysics setting is determined by the *mp_physics* parameter in the &physics *namelist.input* record.

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.. csv-table::
   :header: mp_physics= , Scheme Name, Publication
   :escape: \

   1, Kessler, `Kessler 1969`_
   2, Purdue Lin, `Chen and Sun 2002`_
   3, WRF Single-moment 3-class, `Hong et al. 2004`_
   4, WRF Single-moment 5-class, `Hong et al. 2004`_
   5, Eta (Ferrier), `NOAA 2001`_
   6, WRF Single-moment 6-class, `Hong and Lim 2006`_
   7, Goddard, `Tao et al. 1989`_ |br| `Tao et al. 2016`_
   8, Thompson, `Thompson et al. 2008`_
   9, Milbrandt-Yau Double Moment, `Milbrandt and Yau 2005a`_ |br| `Milbrandt and Yau 2005b`_
   10, Morrison Double-moment, `Morrison et al. 2009`_
   11, CAM V5.1 2-moment 5-class, `CESM1.0: CAM Documentation`_
   13, Stony-Brook University, `Lin et al. 2011`_
   14, WRF Double-moment 5-class, `Lim and Hong 2010`_
   16, WRF Double-moment 6-class, `Lim and Hong 2010`_
   18, NSSL 2-moment, `Mansell et al. 2010`_
   24, WRF Single-moment 7-class, `Bae et al. 2018`_
   26, WRF Double-moment 7-class, `Bae et al. 2018`_
   28, Thompson Aerosol-aware, `Thompson and Eidhammer 2014`_
   38, Thompson Aerosol-aware with Hail and Graupel, `Thompson and Eidhammer 2014`_
   50, Morrison and Milbrandt Predicted Particle Property (P3), `Morrison et al. 2015`_
   51, Morrison and Milbrandt Predicted Particle Property (P3-nc), `Morrison et al. 2015`_ 
   52, Morrison and Milbrandt Predicted Particle Property (P3-2ice), `Morrison et al. 2015`_
   53, Morrison and Milbrandt Predicted Particle Property (P3-3moment), `Morrison et al. 2015`_
   55, Jensen ISHMAEL, `Jensen et al. 2017`_
   56, National Taiwan University (NTU), `Tsai and Chen 2020`_

.. _`Kessler 1969`: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-935704-36-2_1
.. _`Chen and Sun 2002`: https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.80.99
.. _`Hong et al. 2004`: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132%3C0103:ARATIM%3E2.0.CO;2
.. _`NOAA 2001`: http://www.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/mmb/mmbpll/eta12tpb/
.. _`Hong and Lim 2006`: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Song-You-Hong/publication/331192569_Hongandlim-JKMS-2006/links/5c6b581f92851c1c9dea9d10/Hongandlim-JKMS-2006.pdf?_sg%5B0%5D=started_experiment_milestone&origin=journalDetail&_rtd=e30%3D
.. _`Tao et al. 1989`: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117%3C0231:AIWSA%3E2.0.CO;2
.. _`Tao et al. 2016`: https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023986
.. _`Thompson et al. 2008`: https://doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2387.1
.. _`Milbrandt and Yau 2005a`: https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3534.1
.. _`Milbrandt and Yau 2005b`: https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3535.1
.. _`Morrison et al. 2009`: https://doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2556.1
.. _`CESM1.0: CAM Documentation`: http://www.cesm.ucar.edu/models/cesm1.0/cam
.. _`Lin et al. 2011`: https://doi.org/10.1175/2010MWR3293.1
.. _`Lim and Hong 2010`: https://doi.org/10.1175/2009MWR2968.1
.. _`Mansell et al. 2010`: https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JAS2965.1
.. _`Bae et al. 2018`: https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13143-018-0066-3 
.. _`Thompson and Eidhammer 2014`: https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-13-0305.1
.. _`Morrison et al. 2015`: https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-14-0065.1
.. _`Jensen et al. 2017`: https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-16-0350.1
.. _`Tsai and Chen 2020`: https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-19-0125.1

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.. _Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL):

Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL)
------------------------------

The planetary boundary layer (PBL) physics setting in WRF is determined by the *bl_pbl_physics* parameter in the &physics *namelist.input* record.

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.. csv-table::
   :header: bl_pbl_physics= , Scheme Name, Publication
   :escape: \

   1, Yonsei University (YSU), `Hong et al. 2006`_
   2, Mellor-Yamada-Janjic (MYJ), `Janjic 1994`_ |br| `Mesinger 1993`_
   3, NCEP GFS, `Hong and Pan 1996`_
   4, Quasi-normal Scale Elimination (QNSE), `Sukoriansky et al. 2005`_
   5, Mellor-Yamada Nakanishi Niino (MYNN), `Nakanishi and Niino 2006`_ |br| `Nakanishi and Niino 2009`_ |br| `Olson et al. 2019`_
   7, Asymmetric Convection Model 2 (ACM2), `Pleim 2007`_
   8, Bougeault-Lacarrere (BouLac), `Bougeault and Lacarrere 1989`_
   9, University of Washington (TKE), `Bretherton and Park 2009`_
   10, TEMF, `Angevine et al. 2010`_
   11, Shin-Hong Scale-aware, `Shin and Hong 2015`_
   12, Grenier-Bretherton-McCaa, `Grenier and Bretherton 2001`_
   16, TKE(E) - TKE Dissipation Rate (Epsilon) (EEPS), `Zhang et al. 2020`_
   17, K-epsilon-theta\ :sup:`2`, `Zonato et al. 2022`_
   99, MRF, `Hong and Pan 1996`_

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The following are options related to the PBL and can be set in the &physics *namelist.input* record.

.. csv-table::
   :header: Namelist Option, Scheme Name, Publication
   :escape: \

   gwd_opt=1, Gravity Wave Drag, `Hong et al. 2008`_ |br| `Kim and Arakawa 1995`_ |br| `Choi and Hong 2015`_
   windfarm_opt=1 or 2, Wind-farm (drag), `Fitch et al. 2012`_
   grav_settling=2, FogDES_, `Katata 2014`_

.. _`Hong et al. 2006`: https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR3199.1
.. _`Mesinger 1993`: https://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/site_linked_files/phys_refs/pbl/MYJ_part2.pdf
.. _`Hong and Pan 1996`: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124%3C2322:NBLVDI%3E2.0.CO;2
.. _`Sukoriansky et al. 2005`: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-004-6848-4
.. _`Nakanishi and Niino 2006`: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-005-9030-8
.. _`Nakanishi and Niino 2009`: https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.87.895
.. _`Olson et al. 2019`: https://doi.org/10.25923/n9wm-be49
.. _`Pleim 2007`: https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2539.1
.. _`Bougeault and Lacarrere 1989`: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117%3C1872:POOITI%3E2.0.CO;2
.. _`Bretherton and Park 2009`: https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2556.1
.. _`Angevine et al. 2010`: https://doi.org/10.1175/2010MWR3142.1
.. _`Shin and Hong 2015`: https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-14-00116.1
.. _`Grenier and Bretherton 2001`: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129%3C0357:AMPPFL%3E2.0.CO;2
.. _`Zhang et al. 2020`: https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-19-0084.1
.. _`Zonato et al. 2022`: https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/150/8/MWR-D-21-0299.1.xml
.. _`Hong and Pan 1996`: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124%3C2322:NBLVDI%3E2.0.CO;2 
.. _`Hong et al. 2008`: https://doi.org/10.1175/2007WAF2007030.1
.. _`Kim and Arakawa 1995`: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052%3C1875:IOOGWP%3E2.0.CO;2
.. _`Choi and Hong 2015`: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024230
.. _`Fitch et al. 2012`: https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-11-00352.1
.. _FogDES: https://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/site_linked_files/phys_refs/pbl/grav_setting2_description.pdf
.. _`Katata 2014`: https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD021669

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.. _Cumulus Parameterization:

Cumulus Parameterization
------------------------

The cumulus parameterization physics setting in WRF is determined by the *cu_physics* parameter in the &physics *namelist.input* record.

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.. csv-table::
   :header: cu_physics= , Scheme Name, Publication
   :escape: \

   1, Kain-Fritsch, `Kain 2004`_
   2, Betts-Miller-Janjic (BMJ), `Janjic 1994`_
   3, Grell-Freitas (GF), `Grell and Freitas 2014`_
   4, Old Simplified Arakawa-Shubert (Old SAS), `Pan and Wu 1995`_
   5, Grell 3D Ensemble (G3), `Grell 1993`_ |br| `Grell and Devenyi 2002`_
   6, Tiedtke, `Tiedtke 1989`_ |br| `Zhang et al. 2011`_
   7, Zhang-McFarlane, `Zhang and McFarlane 1995`_
   10, Kain-Fritsch Cumulus Potential, `Berg et al. 2013`_
   11, Multi-scale Kain-Fritsch,  `Zheng et al. 2016`_ |br| `Glotfelty et al. 2019`_
   14, New Simplified Arakawa-Schubert, `Han et al. 2011`_ |br| `Kwon and Hong 2017`_
   16, New Tiedtke, `Zhang and Wang 2017`_
   93, Grell-Devenyi Ensemble (GD), `Grell and Devenyi 2002`_
   99, Old Kain-Fritsch, `Kain and Fritsch 1990`_

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The following are options related to the Kain-Fritsch cumulus parameterization scheme and can be set in the &physics *namelist.input* record.

.. csv-table::
   :header: Namelist Option, Scheme Name, Publication
   :escape: \

   kfeta_trigger=2, Moisture-advection-based Trigger, `Ma and Tan 2009`_
   kfeta_trigger=3, RH-dependent Additional Perturbation, *No publication available*



.. _`Kain 2004`: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043%3C0170:TKCPAU%3E2.0.CO;2
.. _`Janjic 1994`: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1994)122%3C0927:TSMECM%3E2.0.CO;2
.. _`Grell and Freitas 2014`: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5233-2014 
.. _`Pan and Wu 1995`: https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/11429 
.. _`Grell 1993`: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121%3C0764:PEOAUB%3E2.0.CO;2
.. _`Grell and Devenyi 2002`: https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015311
.. _`Tiedtke 1989`: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117%3C1779:ACMFSF%3E2.0.CO;2
.. _`Zhang et al. 2011`: https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-10-05091.1
.. _`Zhang and McFarlane 1995`: https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.1995.9649539
.. _`Berg et al. 2013`: https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-12-00136.1
.. _`Zheng et al. 2016`: https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-15-0005.1
.. _`Glotfelty et al. 2019`: https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-18-0267.1
.. _`Han et al. 2011`: https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-10-05038.1
.. _`Kwon and Hong 2017`: https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-16-0034.1
.. _`Zhang and Wang 2017`: https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-16-0034.1 
.. _`Kain and Fritsch 1990`: https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015311
.. _`Ma and Tan 2009`: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.09.022

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.. _Radiation:

Radiation
---------

The radiation physics settings in WRF are determined by the ra_sw_physics (short-wave) and ra_lw_physics (long-wave) parameters in the &physics *namelist.input* record. Many of the options are valid for both long-wave and short-wave radiation, but a few are specific to only one. Those are indicated in the table below. 

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.. csv-table::
   :header: ra_sw_physics= |br| and/or |br| ra_lw_physics= , Scheme Name, Publication
   :escape: \

   ra_sw_physics=1 |br| |br| *no long-wave option*, Dudhia Shortwave, `Dudhia 1989`_
   ra_lw_physics=1 |br| |br| *no short-wave option*, RRTM Longwave, `Mlawer et al. 1997`_
   ra_sw_physics=2 |br| |br| *no long-wave option*, Goddard Shortwave, `Chou and Suarez 1994`_ |br| `Matsui et al. 2018`_
   3, CAM, `Collins 2004`_
   4, RRTMG, `Iacono et al. 2008`_
   5, New Goddard, `Chou and Suarez 1999`_ |br| `Chou et al. 2001`_
   7, Fu-Liou-Gu, `Gu et al. 2011`_ |br| `Fu and Liou 1992`_
   14, RRTMG-K, `Baek 2017`_
   24, RRTMG-fast, `Iacono et al. 2008`_ 
   ra_sw_physics=31, Held-Suarez Relaxation, *No publication available*	
   99, GFDL, `Fels and Schwarzkopf 1981`_

.. _`Dudhia 1989`: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1989)046%3C3077:NSOCOD%3E2.0.CO;2
.. _`Mlawer et al. 1997`: https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD00237
.. _`Chou and Suarez 1994`: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=89b5ba55c9c4527da0ddaeacce2891605d02cd43
.. _`Matsui et al. 2018`: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4187-2
.. _`Collins 2004`: https://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/site_linked_files/phys_refs/sw_lw/CAM.pdf
.. _`Iacono et al. 2008`: https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009944
.. _`Chou and Suarez 1999`: https://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/site_linked_files/phys_refs/sw_lw/Goddard_part1.pdf
.. _`Chou et al. 2001`: https://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/site_linked_files/phys_refs/sw_lw/Goddard_part2.pdf 
.. _`Gu et al. 2011`: https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014574
.. _`Fu and Liou 1992`: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1992)049%3C2139:OTCDMF%3E2.0.CO;2
.. _`Baek 2017`: https://doi.org/10.1002/2017MS000994
.. _`Fels and Schwarzkopf 1981`: https://doi.org/10.1029/JC086iC02p01205

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.. _Land Surface Model (LSM):

Land Surface Model (LSM)
------------------------

The land surface model (LSM) physics setting in WRF is determined by the *sf_surface_physics* parameter in the &physics *namelist.input* record.

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.. csv-table::
   :header: sf_surface_physics= , Scheme Name, Publication
   :escape: \

   1, 5-layer Thermal Diffusion, `Dudhia 1996`_
   2, Unified Noah, `Tewari et al. 2004`_
   3, RUC, `Benjamin et al. 2004`_
   4, Noah-MP, `Niu et al. 2011`_ |br| `Yang et al. 2011`_ |br| He et al. 2023`_
   5, CLM4, `Oleson et al. 2010`_ |br| `Lawrence et al. 2011`_ |br| |br| *An earlier version of CLM has been quantitatively evaluated in WRF\, referenced here:* |br| `Jin and Wen 2012`_ |br| `Lu and Kueppers 2012`_ |br| `Subin et al. 2011`_
   7, Pleim-Xiu, `Noilan and Planton 1989`_ |br| `Pleim and Xiu 1995`_ |br| `Xiu and Pleim 2001`_ |br| `Pleim and Xiu 2003`_ |br| `Pleim and Gilliam 2009`_ |br| `Gilliam and Pleim 2010`_
   8, Simplified Simple Biosphere (SSiB), `Xue et al. 1991`_ |br| `Sun and Xue 2001`_

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The following are options specific to the Noah LSM (option 2 above) and can be set in the &physics *namelist.input* record.

.. csv-table::
   :header: Namelist Option, Scheme Name, Publication
   :escape: \

   ua_phys=.true., University of Arizona Snow Physics, `Wang et al. 2010`_
   sf_surface_mosaic=1, Sub-tiling, `Li et al. 2013`_

.. _`Dudhia 1996`: https://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/site_linked_files/phys_refs/land_surface/5_layer_thermal.pdf
.. _`Tewari et al. 2004`: https://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/site_linked_files/phys_refs/land_surface/noah.pdf
.. _`Benjamin et al. 2004`: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132%3C0473:MWPWTF%3E2.0.CO;2
.. _`Niu et al. 2011`: https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015139 
.. _`Yang et al. 2011`: https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015140
.. _`He et al. 2023`: https://doi.org/10.5065/ew8g-yr95
.. _`Oleson et al. 2010`: https://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/site_linked_files/phys_refs/land_surface/CLM4_part1.pdf
.. _`Lawrence et al. 2011`: https://doi.org/10.1029/2011MS00045
.. _`Jin and Wen 2012`: https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016980
.. _`Lu and Kueppers 2012`: https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016991
.. _`Subin et al. 2011`: https://doi.org/10.1175/2010EI331.1
.. _`Noilan and Planton 1989`: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117%3C0536:ASPOLS%3E2.0.CO;2
.. _`Pleim and Xiu 1995`: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450-34.1.16
.. _`Xiu and Pleim 2001`: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040%3C0192:DOALSM%3E2.0.CO;2
.. _`Pleim and Xiu 2003`: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042%3C1811:DOALSM%3E2.0.CO;2
.. _`Pleim and Gilliam 2009`: https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JAMC2053.1
.. _`Gilliam and Pleim 2010`: https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JAMC2126.1
.. _`Xue et al. 1991`: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1991)004%3C0345:ASBMFG%3E2.0.CO;2
.. _`Sun and Xue 2001`: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02919314
.. _`Wang et al. 2010`: https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013761
.. _`Li et al. 2013`: https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD02065

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.. _Surface Layer:

Surface Layer
-------------

The surface layer physics setting in WRF is determined by the *sf_sfclay_physics* parameter in the &physics *namelist.input* record.

|

.. csv-table::
   :header: sf_sfclay_physics= , Scheme Name, Publication
   :escape: \

   1, Revised MM5, `Jimenez et al. 2012`_
   2, Eta Similarity, `Monin and Obukhov 1954`_ |br| `Janjic 1994`_ |br| `Janjic 1996`_ |br| `Janjic 2002`_
   4, QNSE, *No publication available*
   5, MYNN, `Olson et al. 2021`_ 
   7, Pleim-Xiu, `Pleim 2006`_
   10, TEMF, `Angevine et al. 2010`_
   91, MM5 Similarity, `Paulson 1970`_ |br| `Dyer and Hicks 1970`_ |br| `Webb 1970`_ |br| `Beljaars 1994`_ |br| `Zhang and Anthes 1982`_

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The following are options related to the surface layer and can be set in the &physics *namelist.input* record.

.. csv-table::
   :header: Namelist Option, Scheme Name, Publication
   :escape: \

   topo_wind=1 or 2, Topographic Correction for Surface Winds to Represent Extra Drag from Sub-grid Topography and Enhanced Flow at Hill Tops, `Jimenez and Dudhia 2012`_ 
   iz0tlnd, Chen-Zhang Modified Zilitinkevich Thermal Roughness Length, `Chen and Zhang 2009`_

.. _`Jimenez et al. 2012`: https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-11-00056.1
.. _`Monin and Obukhov 1954`: https://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/site_linked_files/phys_refs/surface_layer/eta_part1.pdf
.. _`Janjic 1996`: https://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/site_linked_files/phys_refs/surface_layer/eta_part3.pdf
.. _`Janjic 2002`: https://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/site_linked_files/phys_refs/surface_layer/eta_part4.pdf
.. _`Olson et al. 2021`: https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/30605 
.. _`Pleim 2006`: https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2339.1
.. _`Angevine et al. 2010`: https://doi.org/10.1175/2010MWR3142.1
.. _`Paulson 1970`: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1970)009%3C0857:TMROWS%3E2.0.CO;2
.. _`Dyer and Hicks 1970`: https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49709641012
.. _`Webb 1970`: https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49709640708
.. _`Beljaars 1994`: https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712152203
.. _`Zhang and Anthes 1982`: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1982)021%3C1594:AHRMOT%3E2.0.CO;2
.. _`Jimenez and Dudhia 2012`: https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-11-084.1
.. _`Chen and Zhang 2009`: https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL037980

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.. _Shallow Convection:

Shallow Convection
------------------

Shallow cumulus settings in WRF are determined by the *shcu_physics* parameter in the &physics *namelist.input* record.

|

.. csv-table::
   :header: shcu_physics= , Scheme Name, Publication
   :escape: \

   2, University of Washington, `Park and Bretherton 2009`_
   3, Global/Regional Integrated Modeling System (GRIMS), `Hong and Jang 2018`_
   5, Deng, `Deng and Kain 2003`_

.. _`Park and Bretherton 2009`: https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2557.1
.. _`Hong and Jang 2018`: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13143-018-0013-3
.. _`Deng and Kain 2003`: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060%3C0034:ASCPFM%3E2.0.CO;2

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.. _Urban Physics:

Urban Physics
-------------

Urban physics options in WRF are determined by the *sf_urban_physics* parameter in the &physics *namelist.input* record.

.. csv-table::
   :header: sf_urban_physics= , Scheme Name, Publication
   :escape: \

   1, Urban Canopy Model, `Chen et al. 2011`_
   2, Building Environment Parameterization (BEP), `Salamanca and Martilli 2010`_ |br| `Martilli and Rotach 2002`_
   3, Building Energy Model (BEM), `Salamanca and Martilli 2010`_ |br| `Martilli and Rotach 2002`_

.. _`Chen et al. 2011`: https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2158
.. _`Salamanca and Martilli 2010`: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-009-0143-8
.. _`Martilli and Rotach 2002`: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016099921195

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.. _Ocean Physics Options:

Ocean Physics Options
---------------------

Ocean physics options in WRF are determined by the *sf_ocean_physics* parameter in the &physics *namelist.input* record.

.. csv-table::
   :header: sf_ocean_physics= , Scheme Name, Publication
   :escape: \

   1, Simple Mixed-layer Ocean Model, `Pollard et al. 1973`_
   2, Price-Weller-Pinkel 3D Ocean Model, `Price 1981`_ |br| `Price et al. 1994`_ |br| `Lee and Chen 2012`_

.. _`Pollard et al. 1973`: https://doi.org/10.1080/03091927208236105 
.. _`Price 1981`: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1981)011%3C0153:UORTAH%3E2.0.CO;2 
.. _`Price et al. 1994`: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1994)024%3C0233:FSRTAM%3E2.0.CO;2
.. _`Lee and Chen 2012`: https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-12-046.1

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.. _Large-eddy Simulations (LES):

Large-eddy Simulations (LES)
----------------------------

The following references are available for running WRF for Long Eddy Simulations (LES). 

`Moeng et al. 2007`_ |br|
`Mirocha et al. 2010`_

.. _`Moeng et al. 2007`: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/MWR3406.1
.. _`Mirocha et al. 2010`: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010MWR3286.1

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.. _WRF Specialty Systems:

WRF Specialty Systems
---------------------

The following references are available for other flavors of WRF (supported outside of MMM). 

.. csv-table::
   :header: Name, Publication
   :escape: \

   WRF-Hydro, `Gochis and Yates 2015`_
   WRF-Fire, `Coen et al. 2013`_

.. _`Gochis and Yates 2015`: http://www.ral.ucar.edu/projects/wrf_hydro/
.. _`Coen et al. 2013`: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-12-023.1

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.. _Miscellaneous Options:

Miscellaneous Options
---------------------

The following references are available for miscellaneous options available with the WRF modeling system. 

.. csv-table::
   :header: Option Name, Namelist Setting, Namelist Record, Publication
   :escape: \

   Analysis Nudging (FDDA), grid_fdda=1, &fdda, `Stauffer and Seaman 1994`_ |br| `Liu et al. 2008`_
   Spectral Nudging, grid_fdda=2, &fdda, `Miguez-Macho et al. 2004`_
   Observational Nudging, obs_nudge_opt=1, &fdda, `Liu et al. 2008`_ `Stauffer and Seaman 1994`_ |br| `Xu et al. 2002`_
   Stochastically-perturbed Physics Tendencies (SPPT), sppt=1, &stoch, `Berner et al. 2015`_
   Stochastic Kinetic-energy Backscatter (SKEBS), skebs=1, &stoch, `Berner et al. 2011`_ |br| `WRF Implementation Details and Version History of SKEBS`_ |br| `Romine et al. 2014`_ |br| `Ha et al. 2015`_
   Stochastically-perturbed Parameter Scheme (SPP), spp=1, &stoch, `Jankov et al. 2017`_
   WRF-Solar Stochastic Ensemble Prediction System (WRF-Solar EPS), multi_perturb=1, &stoch, `Yang et al. 2021`_ |br| `Kim et al. 2022`_
   Zaengl Slope Effects for Radiation, slope_rad=1, &physics, `Zangl 2002`_
   Zaengl Shadow Effects for Radiation, topo_shading=1, &physics, `Zangl 2002`_
   CLM4.5 Lake Model, sf_lake_physics=1, &physics, `Subin et al. 2012`_
   Fast All-sky Radiation Model for Solar Applications (FARMS), swint_opt=2, &physics, `Xie and Dudhia 2016`_
   PR92 Lightning Option, lightning_option=1\,2\,or 11, &physics, `Price and Rind 1992`_ |br| `Wang and Noone 2012`_
   Yair et al. Lightning Option, lightning_option=3, &physics, `Yair et al. 2010`_ |br| `Lynn et al. 2012`_


.. _`Stauffer and Seaman 1994`: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1994)033%3C0416:MFDDA%3E2.0.CO;2
.. _`Liu et al. 2008`: https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JAMC1653.1
.. _`Miguez-Macho et al. 2004`: https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004495
.. _`Xu et al. 2002`: https://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/site_linked_files/phys_refs/other/obs_nudging_part3.pdf
.. _`Berner et al. 2015`: http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/MWR-D-14-00091.1
.. _`Berner et al. 2011`: http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/2010MWR3595.1
.. _`WRF Implementation Details and Version History of SKEBS`: https://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/docs/skebs_in_wrf.pdf
.. _`Romine et al. 2014`: http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/citedby/10.1175/MWR-D-14-00100.1
.. _`Ha et al. 2015`: http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/MWR-D-14-00395.1
.. _`Jankov et al. 2017`: https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/145/4/mwr-d-16-0160.1.xml
.. _`Yang et al. 2021`: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9580552
.. _`Kim et al. 2022`: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2021.03.044
.. _`Zangl 2002`: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130%3C1423:AIMFCH%3E2.0.CO;2
.. _`Subin et al. 2012`: https://doi.org/10.1029/2011MS000072
.. _`Xie and Dudhia 2016`: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2016.06.003
.. _`Price and Rind 1992`: https://doi.org/10.1029/92JD00719
.. _`Wang and Noone 2012`: https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-429-2013
.. _`Yair et al. 2010`: https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010868
.. _`Lynn et al. 2012`: https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-11-00144.1

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