\begin{thebibliography}{} \bibitem[Barker et al.(2003)]{barker03}% Barker, D. M., W. Huang, Y.-R. Guo, and A. Bourgeois, 2003: A Three-Dimensional Variational (3DVAR) Data Assimilation System For Use With MM5. NCAR Tech Note, NCAR/TN-453+STR, 68 pp. [Available from UCAR Communications, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO, 80307.]. \bibitem[Barker et al.(2004)]{barker04}% Barker, D. M., W. Huang, Y.-R. Guo, A. Bourgeois, and X. N. Xiao, 2004: A Three-Dimensional Variational Data Assimilation System for MM5: Implementation and Initial Results {\em Mon. Wea. Rev.}, {\bf 132}, 897--914. \bibitem[Beljaars(1994)]{beljaars94}% Beljaars, A.C.M., 1994: The parameterization of surface fluxes in large-scale models under free convection, {\em Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.}, {\bf 121}, 255--270. \bibitem[Betts(1986)]{betts86}% Betts, A. K., 1986: A new convective adjustment scheme. Part I: Observational and theoretical basis. {\em Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.}, {\bf 112}, 677--691. \bibitem[Betts and Miller(1986)]{bettsmiller86}% Betts, A. K., and M. J. Miller, 1986: A new convective adjustment scheme. Part II: Single column tests using GATE wave, BOMEX, and arctic air-mass data sets. {\em Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.}, {\bf 112}, 693--709. \bibitem[Carpenter et al.(1990)]{carpenter1990}% Carpenter, R. L., K. K. Droegemeier, P. R. Woodward, and C. E. Hane, 1990: Application of the Piecewise Parabolic Method (PPM) to meteorological modeling. {\em Mon. Wea. Rev.}, {\bf 118}, 586--612. \bibitem[Chen and Dudhia(2001)]{chendudhia01}% Chen, F., and J. Dudhia, 2001: Coupling an advanced land-surface/ hydrology model with the Penn State/ NCAR MM5 modeling system. Part I: Model description and implementation. {\em Mon. Wea. Rev.}, {\bf 129}, 569--585. \bibitem[Chen et al.(2006)]{chen06}% Chen, F., M. Tewari, H. Kusaka, and T. T. Warner, 2006: Current status of urban modeling in the community Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model. Joint with Sixth Symposium on the Urban Environment and AMS Forum: Managing our Physical and Natural Resources: Successes and Challenges, Atlanta, GA, USA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., CD-ROM. J1.4. \bibitem[Chen and Sun(2002)]{chen02}% Chen, S.-H., and W.-Y. Sun, 2002: A one-dimensional time dependent cloud model. {\em J. Meteor. Soc. Japan}, {\bf 80}, 99--118. \bibitem[Chou and Suarez(1994)]{chou94}% Chou M.-D., and M. J. Suarez, 1994: An efficient thermal infrared radiation parameterization for use in general circulation models. NASA Tech. Memo. 104606, 3, 85pp. \bibitem[Collins et al.(2004)]{collins04}% Collins, W.D. et al., 2004: Description of the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM 3.0), NCAR Technical Note, NCAR/TN-464+STR, 226pp. \bibitem[Cooper(1986)]{cooper86}% Cooper, W. A., 1986: Ice initiation in natural clouds. {\em Precipitation Enhancement --- A Scientific Challenge}, Meteor. Monogr., No. 43, Amer. Met. Soc., 29--32. \bibitem[Daley and Barker(2001)]{daley01}% Daley, R., and E. Barker, 2001: NAVDAS: Formulation and Diagnostics. {\em Mon. Wea. Rev.}, {\bf 129}, 869--883. \bibitem[Davies and Turner(1977)]{daviesturner77}% Davies, H. C., and R. E. Turner, 1977: Updating prediction models by dynamical relaxation: An examination of the technique. {\em Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.}, {\bf 103}, 225--245. \bibitem[Deardorff(1972)]{deardorff72}% Deardorff, J. W., 1972 Numerical investigation of neutral and unstable planetary boundary layers, {\em J. Atmos. Sci.}, {\bf 29}, 91--115. \bibitem[Desroziers(1997)]{desroziers97}% Desroziers, G., 1997: A coordinate change for data assimilation in spherical geometry of frontal structures. {\em Mon. Wea. Rev.}, {\bf 125}, 3030--3039. \bibitem[Desroziers and Ivanov(2001)]{desroziers01}% Desroziers, G., and S. Ivanov, 2001: Diagnosis and adaptive tuning of observation-error parameters in a variational assimilation. {\em Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.}, {\bf 127}, 1433--1452. \bibitem[Dudhia(1989)]{dudhia89}% Dudhia, J., 1989: Numerical study of convection observed during the winter monsoon experiment using a mesoscale two-dimensional model, {\em J. Atmos. Sci.}, {\bf 46}, 3077--3107. \bibitem[Dudhia(1995)]{dudhia95}% Dudhia, J., 1995: Reply, {\em Mon. Wea. Rev.}, {\bf 123}, 2571--2575. \bibitem[Dudhia et al.(2008)]{dudhia08}% Dudhia, J., S.-Y. Hong, and K.-S. Lim, 2008: A new method for representing mixed-phase particle fall speeds in bulk microphysics parameterizations. {\em J. Met. Soc. Japan}, in press. \bibitem[Durran and Klemp(1983)]{durran_klemp83}% Durran, R. D., and J. B. Klemp, 1983: A compressible model for the simulation of moist mountain waves, {\em Mon. Wea. Rev.}, {\bf 111}, 2341--2361. \bibitem[Dyer and Hicks(1970)]{dyer70}% Dyer, A. J., and B. B. Hicks, 1970: Flux-gradient relationships in the constant flux layer, {\em Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.}, {\bf 96}, 715--721. \bibitem[Easter(1993)]{easter93}% Easter, R. C., 1993: Two modified versions of Bott's positive definite numerical advection scheme. {\em Mon. Wea. Rev.,} {\bf 121,} 297--304. \bibitem[Fels and Schwarzkopf(1975)]{fels75}% Fels, S. B. and M. D. Schwarzkopf, 1975: The Simplified Exchange Approximation: A New Method for Radiative Transfer Calculations, {\em J. Atmos. Sci.}, {\bf 32}, 1475--1488. \bibitem[Fisher(2003)]{fisher03} Fisher, M., 2003: Background error covariance modeling. {\em Seminar on Recent Development in Data Assimilation for Atmosphere and Ocean}, 45--63, ECMWF. \bibitem[Fletcher(1962)]{fletcher62}% Fletcher, N. H., 1962: {\em The Physics Of Rain Clouds.} Cambridge University Press, 386 pp. \bibitem[Grell and Devenyi(2002)]{grell02}% Grell, G. A., and D. Devenyi, 2002: A generalized approach to parameterizing convection combining ensemble and data assimilation techniques. {\em Geophys. Res. Lett.}, {\bf 29(14)}, Article 1693. \bibitem[Grell et al.(2005)]{Grelletal05}% Grell, G.A., S.E. Peckham, R. Schmitz, S.A. McKeen, G. Frost, W.C. Skamarock and B. Eder, 2005: Fully coupled online chemistry within the WRF model. {\em Atmos. Environ.}, {\bf 39}, 6957-6975. \bibitem[Haltiner and Williams(1980)]{haltiner_and_williams}% Haltiner, G. J., and R. T. Williams, 1980: {\em Numerical prediction and dynamic meteorology.} John Wiley \& Sons, Inc., 477pp. \bibitem[Hollingsworth and Lonnberg(1986)]{hollingsworth86}% Hollingsworth, A., and P. Lonnberg, 1986: The Statistical Structure Of Short-Range Forecast Errors As Determined From Radiosonde Data. Part I: The Wind Field. {\em Tellus}, {\bf 38A}, 111--136. \bibitem[Holtslag and Boville (1993)]{holtslag93}% Holtslag, A. A. M. and B. A. Boville, 1993: Local versus non-local boundary layer diffusion in a global climate model, {\em J. Climate}, {\bf 6}, 1825--1842. \bibitem[Hong(2007)]{hong07}% Hong, S.-Y., 2007: Stable Boundary Layer Mixing in a Vertical Diffusion Scheme. The Korea Meteor. Soc., Fall conference, Seoul, Korea, Oct. 25-26. \bibitem[Hong and Lim(2006)]{honglim06}% Hong, S.-Y., and J.-O. J. Lim, 2006: The WRF Single-Moment 6-Class Microphysics Scheme (WSM6), {\em J. Korean Meteor. Soc.}, {\bf 42}, 129--151. \bibitem[Hong and Pan(1996)]{hong96}% Hong, S.-Y., and H.-L. Pan, 1996: Nonlocal boundary layer vertical diffusion in a medium-range forecast model, {\em Mon. Wea. Rev.}, {\bf 124}, 2322--2339. \bibitem[Hong et al.(1998)]{hong98}% Hong, S.-Y., H.-M. H. Juang, and Q. Zhao, 1998: Implementation of prognostic cloud scheme for a regional spectral model, {\em Mon. Wea. Rev.}, {\bf 126}, 2621--2639. \bibitem[Hong et al.(2004)]{hong04}% Hong, S.-Y., J. Dudhia, and S.-H. Chen, 2004: A Revised Approach to Ice Microphysical Processes for the Bulk Parameterization of Clouds and Precipitation, {\em Mon. Wea. Rev.}, {\bf 132}, 103--120. \bibitem[Hong et al.(2006)]{hong06}% Hong, S.-Y., and Y. Noh, and J. Dudhia, 2006: A new vertical diffusion package with an explicit treatment of entrainment processes. {\em Mon. Wea. Rev.}, {\bf 134}, 2318--2341. \bibitem[Huang and Lynch, 1993]{huanglynch93}% Huang, X.-Y. and P. Lynch, 1993: Diabatic Digital-Filtering Initialization: Application to the HIRLAM Model., {\em Mon. Wea. Rev.}, {\bf 121}, 589--603. \bibitem[Ide et al.(1997)]{ide97}% Ide, K., P. Courtier, M. Ghil, and A. C. Lorenc, 1997: Unified notation for data assimilation: Operational, sequential and variational. {\em J. Met. Soc. Japan}, {\bf 75}, 181--189. \bibitem[Ingleby(2001)]{ingleby01}% Ingleby, N. B., 2001: The statistical structure of forecast errors and its representation in the Met. Office global 3-D variational data assimilation scheme. {\em Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.}, {\bf 127}, 209--232. \bibitem[Janjic(1990)]{janjic90}% Janjic, Z. I., 1990: The step-mountain coordinate: physical package, {\em Mon. Wea. Rev.}, {\bf 118}, 1429--1443. \bibitem[Janjic(1994)]{janjic94}% Janjic, Z. I., 1994: The step-mountain eta coordinate model: further developments of the convection, viscous sublayer and turbulence closure schemes, {\em Mon. Wea. Rev.}, {\bf 122}, 927--945. \bibitem[Janjic(1996)]{janjic96}% Janjic, Z. I., 1996: The surface layer in the NCEP Eta Model, {\em Eleventh Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction}, Norfolk, VA, 19--23 August; Amer. Meteor. Soc., Boston, MA, 354--355. \bibitem[Janjic(2000)]{janjic00}% Janjic, Z. I., 2000: Comments on "Development and Evaluation of a Convection Scheme for Use in Climate Models", {\em J. Atmos. Sci.}, {\bf 57}, p. 3686. \bibitem[Janjic(2002)]{janjic02}% Janjic, Z. I., 2002: Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor--Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model, {\em NCEP Office Note}, {\bf No. 437}, 61 pp. \bibitem[Kain and Fritsch(1990)]{kain90}% Kain, J. S., and J. M. Fritsch, 1990: A one-dimensional entraining/ detraining plume model and its application in convective parameterization, {\em J. Atmos. Sci.}, {\bf 47}, 2784--2802. \bibitem[Kain and Fritsch(1993)]{kain93}% Kain, J. S., and J. M. Fritsch, 1993: Convective parameterization for mesoscale models: The Kain-Fritcsh scheme, {\em The representation of cumulus convection in numerical models}, K. A. Emanuel and D.J. Raymond, Eds., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 246 pp. \bibitem[Kain(2004)]{kain04}% Kain, J. S., 2004: The Kain-Fritsch convective parameterization: An update. {\em J. Appl. Meteor.}, {\bf 43}, 170--181. \bibitem[Kessler(1969)]{kessler69}% Kessler, E., 1969: On the distribution and continuity of water substance in atmospheric circulation, {\em Meteor. Monogr.}, {\bf 32}, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 84 pp. \bibitem[Klemp and Lilly(1978)]{klemp_and_lilly78}% Klemp, J. B., and D. K. Lilly, 1978: Numerical simulation of hydrostatic mountain waves, {\em J. Atmos. Sci.}, {\bf 35}, 78--107. \bibitem[Klemp and Wilhelmson(1978)]{klemp78}% Klemp, J. B., and R. Wilhelmson, 1978: The simulation of three-dimensional convective storm dynamics, {\em J. Atmos. Sci.}, {\bf 35}, 1070--1096. \bibitem[Klemp et al.(2007)]{klemp_et_al_2007}% Klemp, J. B., W. C. Skamarock, and J. Dudhia, 2007: Conservative split-explicit time integration methods for the compressible nonhydrostatic equations, {\em Mon. Wea. Rev..}, {\bf 135,} 2897--2913. \bibitem[Klemp et al.(2008)]{klemp_et_al_2008}% Klemp, J. B., J. Dudhia, and A. Hassiotis, 2008: An Upper Gravity Wave Absorbing Layer for NWP Applications. {\em Mon. Wea. Rev..}, submitted. \bibitem[Knievel et~al.(2007)]{knievel.et.al.2007} Knievel, J.~C., G.~H. Bryan, and J.~P. Hacker, 2007: Explicit numerical diffusion in the {WRF} {M}odel. {\em Mon.\ Wea.\ Rev.}, {\bf 135}, 3808--3824. \bibitem[Kusaka and Kimura(2004)]{kusaka04} Kusaka, H. and F. Kimura, 2004: Coupling a single-layer urban canopy model with a simple atmospheric model: Impact on urban heat island simulation for an idealized case. {\em J. Meteor. Soc. Japan}, {\bf 82}, 67--80. \bibitem[Kusaka et al.(2001)]{kusaka01} Kusaka, H., H. Kondo, Y. Kikegawa, and F. Kimura, 2001: A simple single-layer urban canopy model for atmospheric models: Comparison with multi-layer and slab models. {\em Bound.-Layer Meteor.}, {\bf 101}, 329--358. \bibitem[Lacis and Hansen(1974)]{lacis74}% Lacis, A. A., and J. E. Hansen, 1974: A parameterization for the absorption of solar radiation in the earth's atmosphere. {\em J. Atmos. Sci.}, {\bf 31}, 118--133. \bibitem[Laprise(1992)]{laprise92}% Laprise R., 1992: The Euler Equations of motion with hydrostatic pressure as as independent variable, {\em Mon. Wea. Rev.}, {\bf 120}, 197--207. \bibitem[Lee et al.(2004)]{lee04}% Lee, M.-S., D. Barker, W. Huang and Y.-H. Kuo, 2004: First Guess at Appropriate Time (FGAT) with WRF 3DVAR. {\em WRF/MM5 Users Workshop}, 22--25 June 2004, Boulder, Colorado. \bibitem[Lin et al.(1983)]{lin83}%, Lin, Y.-L., R. D. Farley, and H. D. Orville, 1983: Bulk parameterization of the snow field in a cloud model. {\em J. Climate Appl. Meteor.}, {\bf 22}, 1065--1092. \bibitem[Lin and Rood(1996)]{linrood96}%, Lin, S.-J., and R. B. Rood, 1996: Multidimensional flux-form semi-Lagrangian transport schemes. {\em Mon. Wea. Rev.}, {\bf 124}, 2046--2070. \bibitem[Liu et al.(2008)]{liu08}%, Liu, Y., T.T. Warner, J. F. Bowers, L. P. Carson, F. Chen, C. A. Clough, C. A. Davis, C. H. Egeland, S. Halvorson, T.W. Huck Jr., L. Lachapelle, R.E. Malone, D. L. Rife, R.-S. Sheu, S. P. Swerdlin, and D.S. Weingarten, 2008: The operational mesogamma-scale analysis and forecast system of the U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command. Part 1: Overview of the modeling system, the forecast products. {\em J. Appl. Meteor. Clim.}, {\bf 47}, 1077--1092. \bibitem[Lorenc(1986)]{lorenc86}% Lorenc, A. C., 1986: Analysis methods for numerical weather prediction. {\em Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.}, {\bf 112}, 1177--1194. \bibitem[Lynch and Huang(1992)]{lynchhuang92}%, Lynch, P., and X.-Y. Huang, 1992: Initialization of the HIRLAM Model Using a Digital Filter. {\em Mon. Wea. Rev.}, {\bf 120}, 1019--1034. \bibitem[Lynch and Huang(1994)]{lynchhuang94}%, Lynch, P., and X.-Y. Huang, 1994: Diabatic initialization using recursive filters. {\em Tellus}, {\bf 46A}, 583--597. \bibitem[Lynch(1997)]{lynch97}%, Lynch, P., 1997: The Dolph-Chebyshev Window: A Simple Optimal Filter. {\em Mon. Wea. Rev.}, {\bf 125}, 655--660. \bibitem[McCumber et al.(1991)]{mccumber91} McCumber, M., W.-K. Tao, J. Simpson, R. Penc, and S.-T. Soong, 1991: Comparison of ice-phase microphysical parameterization schemes using numerical simulations of tropical convection, {\em J. Appl. Meteor.}, {\bf 30}, 985--1004. \bibitem[Mellor and Yamada(1982)]{melloryamada82}% Mellor, G. L., and T. Yamada, 1982: Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems. {\em Rev. Geophys. Space Phys.}, {\bf 20}, 851--875. \bibitem[Michalakes et al.(1999)]{michalak99}% Michalakes, J., J. Dudhia, D. Gill, J. Klemp, and W. Skamarock, 1999: Design of a next-generation regional weather research and forecast model, {\it Towards Teracomputing}, World Scientific, River Edge, New Jersey, 117--124. \bibitem[Michalakes et al.(2004)]{michalak04}% Michalakes, J., J. Dudhia, D. Gill, T. Henderson, J. Klemp, W. Skamarock, and W. Wang, 2004: The Weather Research and Forecast Model: Software Architecture and Performance. To appear in proceeding of {\em the Eleventh ECMWF Workshop on the Use of High Performance Computing in Meteorology}. 25--29 October 2004, Reading, U.K., Ed. George Mozdzynski. \bibitem[Mlawer et al.(1997)]{mlawer97}% Mlawer, E. J., S. J. Taubman, P. D. Brown, M. J. Iacono, and S. A. Clough, 1997: Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmosphere: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the long-wave. {\em J. Geophys. Res.}, {\bf 102} (D14), 16663--16682. \bibitem[Monin and Obukhov(1954)]{monin54}% Monin, A.S. and A.M. Obukhov, 1954: Basic laws of turbulent mixing in the surface layer of the atmosphere. {\em Contrib. Geophys. Inst. Acad. Sci.}, USSR, {\bf (151)}, 163--187 (in Russian). \bibitem[Morrison et al.(2005)]{morrison05}% Morrison, H., J. A. Curry, and V. I. Khvorostyanov, 2005: A new double-moment microphysics parameterization for application in cloud and climate models, Part I: Description. {\em J. Atmos. Sci.}, {\bf 62}, 1665--1677. \bibitem[Morrison and Pinto(2006)]{morrison06}% Morrison, H., and J. O. Pinto, 2006: Intercomparison of bulk microphysics schemes in mesoscale simulations of springtime Arctic mixed-phase stratiform clouds. {\em Mon. Wea. Rev.}, {\bf 134}, 1880--1900. \bibitem[Morrison et al.(2008)]{morrison08}% Morrison, H., G. Thompson, and V. Tatarskii, 2008: Impact of cloud micrpohysics on the development of trailing stratiform precipitation in a simulated squall line: Comparison of one- and two-moment schemes. Submitted to {\em Mon. Wea. Rev.} \bibitem[Noh et al.(2003)]{noh03}% Noh, Y., W.G. Cheon, S.-Y. Hong, and S. Raasch, 2003: Improvement of the K-profile model for the planetary boundary layer based on large eddy simulation data. {\em Bound.-Layer Meteor.}, {\bf 107}, 401--427. \bibitem[Noilhan and Planton(1989)]{noilhan89}% Noilhan, J., and S. Planton, 1989: A simple parameterization of land surface processes for meteorological models. {\em Mon. Wea. Rev.}, {\bf 117}, 536--549. \bibitem[Ooyama(1990)]{ooyama90}% Ooyama K. V., 1990: A thermodynamic foundation for modeling the moist atmosphere, {\em J. Atmos. Sci.}, {\bf 47}, 2580--2593. \bibitem[Parrish and Derber(1992)]{parrish92}% Parrish, D. F., and J. C. Derber, 1992: The National Meteorological Center's Spectral Statistical Interpolation analysis system. {\em Mon. Wea. Rev.}, {\bf 120}, 1747--1763. \bibitem[Paulson(1970)]{paulson70}% Paulson, C. A., 1970: The mathematical representation of wind speed and temperature profiles in the unstable atmospheric surface layer. {\em J. Appl. Meteor.}, {\bf 9}, 857--861. \bibitem[Pleim(2006)]{pleim06}% Pleim, J. E., 2006: A simple, efficient solution of flux-profile relationships in the atmospheric surface layer, {\em J. Appl. Meteor. and Clim.}, {\bf 45}, 341--347 \bibitem[Pleim(2007)]{pleim07}% Pleim, J. E., 2007: A combined local and non-local closure model for the atmospheric boundary layer. Part 1: Model description and testing, {\em J. Appl. Meteor. and Clim.}, {\bf 46}, 1383--1395. \bibitem[Pleim and Gilliam(2008)]{pleim08}% Pleim, J.E. and R.C. Gilliam, 2008: An indirect data assimilation scheme for deep soil temperature in the Pleim-Xiu land surface model. Submitted to {\em J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol.} \bibitem[Pleim and Xiu(1995)]{pleim95}% Pleim, J. E. and A. Xiu, 1995: Development and testing of a surface flux and planetary boundary layer model for application in mesoscale models. {\em J. Appl. Meteor.}, {\bf 34}, 16--32. \bibitem[Pleim and Xiu(2003)]{pleim03}% Pleim, J. E., and A. Xiu, 2003: Development of a land surface model. Part II: Data Assimilation. {\em J. Appl. Meteor.}, {\bf 42}, 1811--1822. \bibitem[Pollard et al.(1973)]{pollard73}% Pollard, R. T., P. B. Rhines and R. O. R. Y. Thompson, 1973: The deepening of the wind-mixed layer. {\em Geophys. Fluid Dyn.}, {\bf 3}, 381--404. \bibitem[Purser et al.(2003)]{purser03}% Purser, R. J., W. -S. Wu, D. F. Parrish, and N. M. Roberts, 2003: Numerical aspects of the application of recursive filters to variational statistical analysis. Part I: Spatially homogeneous and isotropic Gaussian covariances. {\em Mon. Wea. Rev.}, {\bf 131}, 1524--1535. \bibitem[Rabier et al.(1998)]{rabier98}% Rabier, F., H., J. N. Thepaut, and P. Courtier, 1998: Extended assimilation and forecast experiments with a four-dimensional variational assimilation system. {\em Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.}, {\bf 124}, 1861--1887. \bibitem[Reisner et al.(1998)]{reisner98}% Reisner, J. R., R. M. Rasmussen, and R. T. Bruintjes, 1998: Explicit forecasting of supercooled liquid water in in winter storms using the MM5 mesoscale model. {\em Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.}, {\bf 124}, 1071--1107. \bibitem[Roberts et al.(1976)]{roberts76}% Roberts, R. E., J. E. A. Selby, and L. M. Biberman, 1976: Infrared continuum absorption by atmospheric water-vapor in 8--12 um window. {\em Applied Optics}, {\bf 15 (9)}, 2085--2090. \bibitem[Rodgers(1968)]{rodgers68}% Rodgers, C. D., 1968: Some extensions and applications of the new random model for molecular band transmission. {\em Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.}, {\bf 94}, 99--102. \bibitem[Rutledge and Hobbs(1984)]{rutledge84}% Rutledge, S. A., and P. V. Hobbs, 1984: The mesoscale and microscale structure and organization of clouds and precipitation in midlatitude cyclones. XII: A diagnostic modeling study of precipitation development in narrow cloud-frontal rainbands. {\em J. Atmos. Sci.}, {\bf 20}, 2949--2972. \bibitem[Ryan (1996)]{ryan96}% Ryan, B. F., 1996: On the global variation of precipitating layer clouds. {\em Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.}, {\bf 77}, 53--70. \bibitem[Sasamori et al.(1972)]{sasamori72}% Sasamori, T., J. London, and D. V. Hoyt, 1972: Radiation budget of the Southern Hemisphere. {\em Meteor. Monogr.}, {\bf 13}, No. 35, 9--23. \bibitem[Schwarzkopf and Fels(1985)]{schwarzkopf85}% Schwarzkopf, M. D., and S. B. Fels, 1985: Improvements to the algorithm for computing CO2 transmissivities and cooling rates. {\em J. Geophys. Res.}, {\bf 90} (ND6), 541--550. \bibitem[Schwarzkopf and Fels(1991)]{schwarzkopf91}% Schwarzkopf, M. D., and S. B. Fels, 1991: The simplified exchange method revisited --- An accurate, rapid method for computation of infrared cooling rates and fluxes. {\em J. Geophys. Res.}, {\bf 96} (D5), 9075--9096. \bibitem[Skamarock and Klemp(1992)]{skamarock92}% Skamarock W. C. and J. B. Klemp, 1992: The Stability of Time-Split Numerical Methods for the Hydrostatic and the Nonhydrostatic Elastic Equations, {\em Mon. Wea. Rev.}: {\bf 120}, 2109--2127. \bibitem[Skamarock and Weisman(2008)]{skamarock-weisman-08}% Skamarock W. C. and M. L. Weisman, 2008: The impact of positive-definite moisture transport on NWP precipitation forecasts, {\em Mon. Wea. Rev.}: submitted. \bibitem[Skamarock(2005)]{skamarock2005}% Skamarock W. C., 2005: Timesplitting techniques for multidimensional transport, available at {\em http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/individual/skamarock/advect3d\_2005.pdf}, 26 pp. \bibitem[Smirnova et al.(1997)]{smirnova97}% Smirnova, T. G., J. M. Brown, and S. G. Benjamin, 1997: Performance of different soil model configurations in simulating ground surface temperature and surface fluxes. {\em Mon. Wea. Rev.}, {\bf 125}, 1870--1884. \bibitem[Smirnova et al.(2000)]{smirnova00}% Smirnova, T. G., J. M. Brown, S. G. Benjamin, and D. Kim, 2000: Parameterization of cold-season processes in the MAPS land-surface scheme. {\em J. Geophys. Res.}, {\bf 105} (D3), 4077--4086. \bibitem[Smolarkiewicz and Grell(1992)]{smolargrell92}% Smolarkiewicz, P. K., and G. A. Grell, 1990: A class of monotone interpolation schemes, {\em J. Comp. Phys.}, {\bf 101}, 431--440. \bibitem[Stauffer and Seaman(1990)]{stauffer90}% Stauffer D. R., and N. L. Seaman, 1990: Use of four-dimensional data assimilation in a limited-area mesoscale model. Part I: Experiments with synoptic-scale data. {\em Mon. Wea. Rev.}, {\bf 118}, 1250--1277. \bibitem[Stauffer and Seaman(1994)]{stauffer94}% Stauffer D. R., and N. L. Seaman, 1994: Multiscale four-dimensional data assimilation. {\em J. Appl. Meteor.}, {\bf 33}, 416--434. \bibitem[Stephens(1978)]{stephens78}% Stephens, G. L., 1978: Radiation profiles in extended water clouds. Part II: Parameterization schemes, {\em J. Atmos. Sci.}, {\bf 35}, 2123--2132. \bibitem[Tao and Simpson(1993)]{tao93}% Tao, W.-K., and J. Simpson, 1993: The Goddard cumulus ensemble model. Part I: Model description. {\em Terr. Atmos. Oceanic Sci.}, {\bf 4}, 35--72. \bibitem[Tao et al.(2003)]{tao03}% Tao, W.-K,, J. Simpson, D. Baker, S. Braun, M.-D. Chou, B. Ferrier, D. Johnson, A. Khain, S. Lang, B. Lynn, C.-L. Shie, D. Starr, C.-H. Sui, Y. Wang, and P. Wetzel, 2003: Microphysics, radiation and surface processes in the Goddard Cumulus Ensemble (GCE) model. {\em Meteor. and Atmos. Phys.}, {\bf 82}, 97--137. \bibitem[Tao et al.(1989)]{tao89}% Tao, W.-K., J. Simpson, and M. McCumber 1989: An ice-water saturation adjustment, {\em Mon. Wea. Rev.}, {\bf 117}, 231--235. \bibitem[Thompson et al.(2004)]{thompson04}% Thompson, G., R. M. Rasmussen, and K. Manning, 2004: Explicit forecasts of winter precipitation using an improved bulk microphysics scheme. Part I: Description and sensitivity analysis. {\em Mon. Wea. Rev.}, {\bf 132}, 519--542. \bibitem[Walko et al.(1995)]{walko95}% Walko, R. L., W. R. Cotton, M. P. Meyers, and J. Y. Harrington, 1995: Newe RAMS cloud microphysics parameterization. Part I: The single-moment scheme. {\em Atmos. Res.,} {\bf 38}, 29--62. \bibitem[Wang et al.(2008)]{wang08}% Wang, W., D. Barker, C. Bruy\`ere, M. Duda, J. Dudhia, D. Gill, J. Michalakes, and S. Rizvi, 2008: WRF Version 3 Modeling System User's Guide. {\em http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/docs/user$\_$guide$\_$V3/}. \bibitem[Webb(1970)]{webb70}% Webb, E. K., 1970: Profile relationships: The log-linear range, and extension to strong stability, {\em Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.}, {\bf 96}, 67--90. \bibitem[Wicker and Skamarock(2002)]{wicker02}% Wicker, L. J. and W. C. Skamarock, 2002: Time splitting methods for elastic models using forward time schemes, {\em Mon. Wea. Rev.}, {\bf 130}, 2088--2097. \bibitem[Wicker and Wilhelmson(1995)]{wicker95}% Wicker, L. J., and R. B. Wilhelmson, 1995: Simulation and analysis of tornado development and decay within a three-dimensional supercell thunderstorm. {\em J. Atmos. Sci.}, {\bf 52}, 2675--2703. \bibitem[Wu et al.(2002)]{wu02}% Wu, W. -S., R. J. Purser, and D. F. Parrish, 2002: Three-Dimensional Variational Analysis with Spatially Inhomogeneous Covariances. {\em Mon. Wea. Rev.}, {\bf 130}, 2905--2916. \bibitem[Xiao et al.(2005)]{xiao05}% Xiao, Q. N., Y. H. Kuo, J. Sun, W. C. Lee, E. Lim, Y. R. Guo, and D. M. Barker, 2005: Assimilation of Doppler Radar Observations with a Regional 3D--Var System: Impact of Doppler Velocities on Forecasts of a Heavy Rainfall Case. {\em J. Appl. Met.}, {\bf 44(6)}, 768--788. \bibitem[Xiao et al.(2007a)]{xiao07}% Xiao, Q., Ying-Hwa Kuo, Juanzhen Sun, Wen-Chau Lee, D. M. Barker, and Eunha Lim, 2007: An approach of radar reflectivity data assimilation and its assessment with the inland QPF of Typhoon Rusa (2002) at landfall. {\em J. Appl. Meteor. Climat.}, {\bf 46}, 14--22. \bibitem[Xiao et al.(2007b)]{xiao072}% Xiao, Q., J. Sun, 2007: Multiple radar data assimilation and short-range quantitative precipitation forecasting of a squall line observed during IHOP 2002. {\em Mon. Wea. Rev.}, {\bf 135}, 3381--3404. \bibitem[Xiao et al.(2008)]{xiao08}% Xiao, Q., Eunha Lim, D.-J. Won, J. Sun, W.-C. Lee, M.-S. Lee, W.-J. Lee, J.-Y. Cjo, Y.-H. Kuo, D. M. Barker, D.-K. Lee, and H.-S. Lee, 2008: Doppler radar data assimilation in KMAs operational forecasting. {\em Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.}, {\bf 89}, 39--43. \bibitem[Xiu and Pleim(2001)]{xiu01} Xiu, A. and J. E. Pleim, 2001: Development of a land surface model part I: Application in a mesoscale meteorology model. {\em J. Appl. Meteor.}, {\bf 40}, 192--209 \bibitem[Xu et al.(2002)]{xu02} Xu, M., Y. Liu, C. Davis and T. Warner, 2002: Sensitivity of nudging parameters on the performance of a mesoscale FDDA system: A case study. 15th Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction, 12-16 August, 2002, San Antonio, Texas, 127-130. \bibitem[Xue(2000)]{xue.2000} Xue, M., 2000: High-order monotonic numerical diffusion and smoothing. {\em Mon.\ Wea.\ Rev.}, {\bf 128}, 2853--2864. \bibitem[Zhang and Anthes(1982)]{zhanganthes82}% Zhang, D.-L., and R.A. Anthes, 1982: A high-resolution model of the planetary boundary layer--sensitivity tests and comparisons with SESAME--79 data. {\em J. Appl. Meteor.}, {\bf 21}, 1594--1609. \bibitem[Zilitinkevich(1995)]{zilit95}% Zilitinkevich, S.~S., 1995: Non-local turbulent transport: pollution dispersion aspects of coherent structure of convective flows, {\em Air Pollution III} --- Volume I. Air Pollution Theory and Simulation, Eds. H. Power, N. Moussiopoulos and C.A. Brebbia. Computational Mechanics Publications, Southampton Boston, 53--60. \end{thebibliography}