MODULE module_sf_noah_seaice
  USE module_model_constants, only : CP, R_D, XLF, XLV, RHOWATER, STBOLT
  use module_sf_noahlsm, only : RD, SIGMA, CPH2O, CPICE, LSUBF, EMISSI_S, &
       &                        HSTEP

  PUBLIC  SFLX_SEAICE
  PRIVATE CSNOW
  PRIVATE HRTICE
  PRIVATE PENMAN
  PRIVATE SHFLX
  PRIVATE SNOPAC
  PRIVATE SNOWPACK
  PRIVATE SNOWZ0
  PRIVATE SNOW_NEW

  INTEGER, PRIVATE :: ILOC
  INTEGER, PRIVATE :: JLOC

  REAL, PARAMETER, PRIVATE :: TFREEZ = 273.15
!
CONTAINS
!
  SUBROUTINE SFLX_SEAICE (IILOC, JJLOC, SEAICE_ALBEDO_OPT, SEAICE_ALBEDO_DEFAULT, &    !C
       &                  SEAICE_SNOWDEPTH_OPT, SEAICE_SNOWDEPTH_MAX,      &    !C
       &                  SEAICE_SNOWDEPTH_MIN,                            &    !C
       &                  FFROZP,DT,ZLVL,NSOIL,                            &    !C
       &                  SITHICK,                                         &
       &                  LWDN,SOLNET,SFCPRS,PRCP,SFCTMP,Q2,               &    !F
       &                  TH2,Q2SAT,DQSDT2,                                &    !I
       &                  SNOALB,TBOT, Z0BRD, Z0, EMISSI,                  &    !S
       &                  T1,STC,SNOWH,SNEQV,ALBEDO, CH,                   &    !H
       &                  ALBEDOSI, SNOWONSI,                              &
       &                  ETA,SHEAT,ETA_KINEMATIC,FDOWN,                   &    !O
       &                  ESNOW,DEW,ETP,SSOIL,FLX1,FLX2,FLX3,              &    !O
       &                  SNOMLT,SNCOVR,                                   &    !O
       &                  RUNOFF1,Q1,RIBB)

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! SUBROUTINE SFLX_SEAICE
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! SUB-DRIVER FOR "Noah LSM" FAMILY OF PHYSICS SUBROUTINES FOR A SEA-ICE
! LAND-SURFACE MODEL TO UPDATE ICE TEMPERATURE, SKIN TEMPERATURE,
! SNOWPACK WATER CONTENT, SNOWDEPTH, AND ALL TERMS OF THE SURFACE ENERGY
! BALANCE (EXCLUDING INPUT ATMOSPHERIC FORCINGS OF DOWNWARD RADIATION
! AND PRECIP)
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! SFLX_SEAICE ARGUMENT LIST KEY:
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
!  C  CONFIGURATION INFORMATION
!  F  FORCING DATA
!  I  OTHER (INPUT) FORCING DATA
!  S  SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS
!  H  HISTORY (STATE) VARIABLES
!  O  OUTPUT VARIABLES
!  D  DIAGNOSTIC OUTPUT
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! 1. CONFIGURATION INFORMATION (C):
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
!   DT         TIMESTEP (SEC) (DT SHOULD NOT EXCEED 3600 SECS, RECOMMEND
!                1800 SECS OR LESS)
!   ZLVL       HEIGHT (M) ABOVE GROUND OF ATMOSPHERIC FORCING VARIABLES
!   NSOIL      NUMBER OF SOIL LAYERS (AT LEAST 2, AND NOT GREATER THAN
!                PARAMETER NSOLD SET BELOW)
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! 3. FORCING DATA (F):
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
!   LWDN       LW DOWNWARD RADIATION (W M-2; POSITIVE, NOT NET LONGWAVE)
!   SOLNET     NET DOWNWARD SOLAR RADIATION ((W M-2; POSITIVE)
!   SFCPRS     PRESSURE AT HEIGHT ZLVL ABOVE GROUND (PASCALS)
!   PRCP       PRECIP RATE (KG M-2 S-1) (NOTE, THIS IS A RATE)
!   SFCTMP     AIR TEMPERATURE (K) AT HEIGHT ZLVL ABOVE GROUND
!   TH2        AIR POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE (K) AT HEIGHT ZLVL ABOVE GROUND
!   Q2         MIXING RATIO AT HEIGHT ZLVL ABOVE GROUND (KG KG-1)
!   FFROZP     FRACTION OF FROZEN PRECIPITATION
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! 4. OTHER FORCING (INPUT) DATA (I):
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
!   Q2SAT      SAT SPECIFIC HUMIDITY AT HEIGHT ZLVL ABOVE GROUND (KG KG-1)
!   DQSDT2     SLOPE OF SAT SPECIFIC HUMIDITY CURVE AT T=SFCTMP
!                (KG KG-1 K-1)
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! 5. CANOPY/SOIL CHARACTERISTICS (S):
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
!   SNOALB     UPPER BOUND ON MAXIMUM ALBEDO OVER DEEP SNOW (E.G. FROM
!                ROBINSON AND KUKLA, 1985, J. CLIM. & APPL. METEOR.)
!   TBOT       BOTTOM SOIL TEMPERATURE (LOCAL YEARLY-MEAN SFC AIR
!                TEMPERATURE)
!   Z0BRD      Background fixed roughness length (M)
!   Z0         Time varying roughness length (M) as function of snow depth
!
!   EMISSI     Surface emissivity (between 0 and 1)
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! 6. HISTORY (STATE) VARIABLES (H):
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
!  T1          GROUND/CANOPY/SNOWPACK) EFFECTIVE SKIN TEMPERATURE (K)
!  STC(NSOIL)  SOIL TEMP (K)
!  SNOWH       ACTUAL SNOW DEPTH (M)
!  SNEQV       LIQUID WATER-EQUIVALENT SNOW DEPTH (M)
!                NOTE: SNOW DENSITY = SNEQV/SNOWH
!  ALBEDO      SURFACE ALBEDO
!  CH          SURFACE EXCHANGE COEFFICIENT FOR HEAT AND MOISTURE
!                (M S-1); NOTE: CH IS TECHNICALLY A CONDUCTANCE SINCE
!                IT HAS BEEN MULTIPLIED BY WIND SPEED.
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! 7. OUTPUT (O):
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! OUTPUT VARIABLES NECESSARY FOR A COUPLED NWP MODEL.  FOR THIS APPLICATION,
! THE REMAINING OUTPUT/DIAGNOSTIC/PARAMETER BLOCKS BELOW ARE NOT
! NECESSARY.  OTHER APPLICATIONS MAY REQUIRE DIFFERENT OUTPUT VARIABLES.
!   ETA        ACTUAL LATENT HEAT FLUX (W m-2: NEGATIVE, IF UP FROM
!              SURFACE)
!  ETA_KINEMATIC actual latent heat flux in Kg m-2 s-1
!   SHEAT      SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX (W M-2: NEGATIVE, IF UPWARD FROM
!              SURFACE)
!   FDOWN      Radiation forcing at the surface (W m-2) = SOLDN*(1-alb)+LWDN
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
!   ESNOW      SUBLIMATION FROM (OR DEPOSITION TO IF <0) SNOWPACK (W m-2)
!   DEW        DEWFALL (OR FROSTFALL FOR T<273.15) (M)
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
!   ETP        POTENTIAL EVAPORATION (W m-2)
!   SSOIL      SOIL HEAT FLUX (W M-2: NEGATIVE IF DOWNWARD FROM SURFACE)
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
!   FLX1       PRECIP-SNOW SFC (W M-2)
!   FLX2       FREEZING RAIN LATENT HEAT FLUX (W M-2)
!   FLX3       PHASE-CHANGE HEAT FLUX FROM SNOWMELT (W M-2)
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
!   SNOMLT     SNOW MELT (M) (WATER EQUIVALENT)
!   SNCOVR     FRACTIONAL SNOW COVER (UNITLESS FRACTION, 0-1)
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
!   RUNOFF1    SURFACE RUNOFF (M S-1), NOT INFILTRATING THE SURFACE
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! 8. DIAGNOSTIC OUTPUT (D):
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
!   Q1         Effective mixing ratio at surface (kg kg-1), used for
!              diagnosing the mixing ratio at 2 meter for coupled model
!  Documentation SNOABL2 ?????
!  What categories of arguments do these variables fall into ????
!  Documentation for RIBB ?????
!  What category of argument does RIBB fall into ?????
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
      IMPLICIT NONE
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
      integer, intent(in) :: iiloc, jjloc
      INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: SEAICE_ALBEDO_OPT
      REAL,    INTENT(IN) :: SEAICE_ALBEDO_DEFAULT
      INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: SEAICE_SNOWDEPTH_OPT
      REAL,    INTENT(IN) :: SEAICE_SNOWDEPTH_MAX
      REAL,    INTENT(IN) :: SEAICE_SNOWDEPTH_MIN

      LOGICAL            ::  FRZGRA, SNOWNG

      INTEGER,INTENT(IN) ::  NSOIL

      REAL, INTENT(IN)   :: DT,DQSDT2,LWDN,PRCP,                   &
                            Q2,Q2SAT,SFCPRS,SFCTMP,SNOALB,ALBEDOSI,          &
                            SOLNET,TBOT,TH2,ZLVL,                            &
                            FFROZP
      REAL, INTENT(OUT)  :: ALBEDO
      REAL, INTENT(INOUT):: CH,                         &
                            SNEQV,SNCOVR,SNOWH,T1,Z0BRD,                    &
                            EMISSI
      REAL, INTENT(IN)   :: SNOWONSI
      REAL, INTENT(IN)   :: SITHICK
      REAL, INTENT(INOUT):: RIBB
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(INOUT) ::  STC
      REAL,DIMENSION(1:NSOIL)::   ZSOIL

      REAL,INTENT(OUT)   :: ETA_KINEMATIC,DEW,ESNOW,ETA,                    &
                            ETP,FLX1,FLX2,FLX3,SHEAT,RUNOFF1,               &
                            SSOIL,                                          &
                            SNOMLT,                                         &
                            FDOWN,Q1,Z0
      REAL :: DF1,DF1A,                                                     &
              DSOIL,DTOT,FRCSNO,FRCSOI,                                     &
              RCH,RR,                                                       &
              SNDENS,SNCOND,SN_NEW,                                         &
              T24,T2V,TH2V,TSNOW

      REAL :: RHO
      INTEGER  :: KZ, K

      REAL :: ALB_SNOW
      REAL :: ALB_ICE
      REAL :: Z0N
      REAL :: SNCOVRR

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! DECLARATIONS - PARAMETERS
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------

      REAL, PARAMETER :: LVH2O = 2.501E+6
      REAL, PARAMETER :: LSUBS = 2.83E+6
      REAL, PARAMETER :: R = 287.04

      iloc = iiloc
      jloc = jjloc
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
!   INITIALIZATION
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------

      RUNOFF1 = 0.0
      SNOMLT = 0.0

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! SEA-ICE LAYERS ARE EQUAL THICKNESS AND SUM TO <SITHICK> METERS
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------

      DO KZ = 1,NSOIL
         ZSOIL (KZ) = -SITHICK * FLOAT (KZ) / FLOAT (NSOIL)
      END DO

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------

      Z0BRD = 0.001 
!      ALB = 0.82  ! Arctic pre-melt spring and post-melt autumn
!      ALB = 0.80  ! Antarctica
!      ALB = 0.50  ! Arctic mid-summer (ice and melt ponds)
!      ALB = 0.65  ! Arctic bare ice with no snow and no melt ponds

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
!  INITIALIZE PRECIPITATION LOGICALS.
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------

      SNOWNG = .FALSE.
      FRZGRA = .FALSE.

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! OVER SEA-ICE, IF S.W.E. (SNEQV) BELOW THRESHOLD LOWER
! BOUND (0.01 M FOR SEA-ICE, 0.10 M FOR GLACIAL-ICE), THEN SET AT LOWER
! BOUND
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! FOR SEA-ICE CASE, ASSIGN DEFAULT WATER-EQUIV SNOW ON TOP
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------

      SELECT CASE ( SEAICE_ALBEDO_OPT )

      CASE DEFAULT

         IF ( SNEQV < 0.01 ) THEN
            SNEQV = 0.01
            SNOWH = 0.05
         ENDIF

      CASE ( 1 ) ! Arctic sea-ice albedo from Mills (2011)

         IF ( SNEQV < 0.0001 ) THEN
            SNEQV = 0.0001
            SNOWH = 0.0005
         ENDIF

      END SELECT


      IF ( SEAICE_SNOWDEPTH_OPT == 0 ) THEN

          !
          ! Enforce bounds on snow depth, maintaining original snow density.
          !

          SNDENS = SNEQV / SNOWH
          SNOWH = MAX ( SEAICE_SNOWDEPTH_MIN , MIN ( SNOWH , SEAICE_SNOWDEPTH_MAX ) )
          SNEQV = SNOWH * SNDENS 

      ELSEIF ( SEAICE_SNOWDEPTH_OPT == 1 ) THEN

          !
          ! Regardless of the assignments above, we want to enforce
          ! a specified snow depth and density on sea ice.
          !

          SNDENS = 0.3
          SNOWH = SNOWONSI
          SNEQV = SNOWH * SNDENS
      ENDIF

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! IF INPUT SNOWPACK IS NONZERO, THEN COMPUTE SNOW DENSITY "SNDENS" AND
! SNOW THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY "SNCOND"
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------

      SNDENS = SNEQV / SNOWH
      IF(SNDENS > 1.0) THEN
         CALL wrf_error_fatal ( 'Physical snow depth is less than snow water equiv.' )
      ENDIF
      CALL CSNOW (SNCOND,SNDENS)

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! DETERMINE IF IT'S PRECIPITATING AND WHAT KIND OF PRECIP IT IS.
! IF IT'S PRCPING AND THE AIR TEMP IS COLDER THAN 0 C, IT'S SNOWING!
! IF IT'S PRCPING AND THE AIR TEMP IS WARMER THAN 0 C, BUT THE GRND
! TEMP IS COLDER THAN 0 C, FREEZING RAIN IS PRESUMED TO BE FALLING.
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------

      IF (PRCP > 0.0) THEN
! snow defined when fraction of frozen precip (FFROZP) > 0.5,
! passed in from model microphysics.
         IF (FFROZP .GT. 0.5) THEN
            SNOWNG = .TRUE.
         ELSE
            IF (T1 <= TFREEZ) FRZGRA = .TRUE.
         END IF
      END IF

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! IF EITHER PRCP FLAG IS SET, DETERMINE NEW SNOWFALL (CONVERTING PRCP
! RATE FROM KG M-2 S-1 TO A LIQUID EQUIV SNOW DEPTH IN METERS) AND ADD
! IT TO THE EXISTING SNOWPACK.
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------

      IF ( SNOWNG .OR. FRZGRA ) THEN
         SN_NEW = PRCP * DT * 0.001
         SNEQV = SNEQV + SN_NEW

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! UPDATE SNOW DENSITY BASED ON NEW SNOWFALL, USING OLD AND NEW SNOW.
! UPDATE SNOW THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------

         CALL SNOW_NEW ( SFCTMP , SN_NEW , SNOWH , SNDENS )
         !
         ! kmh 09/04/2006 set Snow Density at 0.2 g/cm**3
         ! for "cold permanent ice" or new "dry" snow
         !
         IF ( SNCOVR .GT. 0.99 ) THEN
            !
            !  if soil temperature less than 268.15 K, treat as typical 
            !  Antarctic/Greenland snow firn
            !
            IF ( STC(1) .LT. (TFREEZ - 5.) ) SNDENS = 0.2
            IF ( SNOWNG .AND. (T1.LT.273.) .AND. (SFCTMP.LT.273.) ) SNDENS=0.2
         ENDIF

         CALL CSNOW (SNCOND,SNDENS)

      END IF

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! ALBEDO OF SEA ICE
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
      

      SELECT CASE ( SEAICE_ALBEDO_OPT )

      CASE DEFAULT

         SNCOVR = 1.0
         EMISSI = 0.98
         ALBEDO = SEAICE_ALBEDO_DEFAULT
!        ALBEDO = 0.82  ! Arctic pre-melt spring and post-melt autumn
!        ALBEDO = 0.80  ! Antarctica
!        ALBEDO = 0.50  ! Arctic mid-summer (ice and melt ponds)
!        ALBEDO = 0.65  ! Arctic bare ice with no snow and no melt ponds

      CASE ( 1 ) ! Arctic sea-ice albedo from Mills (2011)

         !
         ! Make albedo of snow on sea-ice a function of skin temperature:
         !
         IF (T1 < 268.15) THEN
            alb_snow = 0.8
         ELSEIF ( ( T1 >= 268.15 ) .AND. ( T1 < 273.15 ) ) then
            alb_snow = 0.65 - ( 0.03 * (T1 - 273.15) )
         ELSE
            alb_snow = 0.65
         ENDIF

         !
         ! Make albedo of snow-free sea-ice a function of air temperature
         !
         IF ( SFCTMP <= 273.15 ) THEN
            alb_ice = 0.65
         ELSEIF ( ( SFCTMP > 273.15 ) .and. ( SFCTMP < 278.15 ) ) THEN
            alb_ice = 0.65 - ( 0.04 * (SFCTMP - 273.15) )
         ELSE
            alb_ice = 0.45
         ENDIF

         !
         ! Define a snow-cover fraction for use only with Mills sea-ice albedo
         !
         Z0N = 0.10 ! Approximate roughness length of snow-covered surface
         SNCOVRR = SNOWH / ( SNOWH + Z0N )

         !
         ! Final albedo over sea-ice point is a combination of the snow 
         ! albedo and the snow-free ice albedo, weighted by the snow cover.
         !
         ALBEDO = (SNCOVRR * alb_snow ) + ( ( 1.0 - SNCOVRR) * alb_ice )

      CASE ( 2 ) ! Seaice albedo from 2d field

         SNCOVR = 1.0
         EMISSI = 0.98
         ALBEDO = ALBEDOSI

      END SELECT

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY FOR SEA-ICE CASE
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
      DF1 = 2.2

      DSOIL = - (0.5 * ZSOIL (1))

      DTOT = SNOWH + DSOIL
      FRCSNO = SNOWH / DTOT

! 1. HARMONIC MEAN (SERIES FLOW)
!        DF1 = (SNCOND*DF1)/(FRCSOI*SNCOND+FRCSNO*DF1)
      FRCSOI = DSOIL / DTOT
! 2. ARITHMETIC MEAN (PARALLEL FLOW)
!        DF1 = FRCSNO*SNCOND + FRCSOI*DF1

! 3. GEOMETRIC MEAN (INTERMEDIATE BETWEEN HARMONIC AND ARITHMETIC MEAN)
!        DF1 = (SNCOND**FRCSNO)*(DF1**FRCSOI)
! weigh DF by snow fraction
      DF1A = FRCSNO * SNCOND + FRCSOI * DF1

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! CALCULATE SUBSURFACE HEAT FLUX, SSOIL, FROM FINAL THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY
! OF SURFACE MEDIUMS, DF1 ABOVE, AND SKIN TEMPERATURE AND TOP
! MID-LAYER SOIL TEMPERATURE
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
      DF1 = DF1A * SNCOVR + DF1 * ( 1.0 - SNCOVR )
      
      SSOIL = DF1 * ( T1 - STC(1) ) / DTOT

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! DETERMINE SURFACE ROUGHNESS OVER SNOWPACK USING SNOW CONDITION FROM
! THE PREVIOUS TIMESTEP.
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------

      CALL SNOWZ0 (SNCOVR,Z0,Z0BRD,SNOWH)

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! CALCULATE TOTAL DOWNWARD RADIATION (SOLAR PLUS LONGWAVE) NEEDED IN
! PENMAN EP SUBROUTINE THAT FOLLOWS
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
      FDOWN =  SOLNET + LWDN
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! CALC VIRTUAL TEMPS AND VIRTUAL POTENTIAL TEMPS NEEDED BY SUBROUTINES
! PENMAN.
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
      T2V = SFCTMP * (1.0+ 0.61 * Q2 )
      T24 = SFCTMP * SFCTMP * SFCTMP * SFCTMP
      RHO = SFCPRS / ( RD * T2V )
      ! RCH = RHO * CP * CH
      RCH = RHO * 1004.6 * CH  ! CP is defined different in subroutine PENMAN.
                               ! Pulling this computation out of PENMAN changed
                               ! the results.  So I'm hard-coding the PENMAN
                               ! value here, but perhaps this should go back
                               ! into PENMAN for now.

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! CALL PENMAN SUBROUTINE TO CALCULATE POTENTIAL EVAPORATION (ETP), AND
! OTHER PARTIAL PRODUCTS AND SUMS FOR LATER CALCULATIONS.
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------

      CALL PENMAN (SFCTMP,SFCPRS,CH,TH2,PRCP,FDOWN,T24,SSOIL,     &
           Q2,Q2SAT,ETP,RCH,RR,SNOWNG,FRZGRA,                     &
           DQSDT2,FLX2,EMISSI,T1)

      ESNOW = 0.0
      CALL SNOPAC (ETP,ETA,PRCP,SNOWNG,                    &
           NSOIL,DT,DF1,                                   &
           Q2,T1,SFCTMP,T24,TH2,FDOWN,SSOIL,STC,           &
           SFCPRS,RCH,RR,SNCOVR,SNEQV,SNDENS,              &
           SNOWH,ZSOIL,TBOT,                               &
           SNOMLT,DEW,FLX1,FLX2,FLX3,ESNOW,EMISSI,RIBB,    &
           SEAICE_ALBEDO_OPT)
      ETA_KINEMATIC =  ESNOW

      IF ( SEAICE_SNOWDEPTH_OPT == 0 ) THEN

          !
          ! Set bounds on snow depth, maintaining snow density.
          !
          SNDENS = SNEQV / SNOWH
          SNOWH = MAX ( SEAICE_SNOWDEPTH_MIN , MIN ( SNOWH , SEAICE_SNOWDEPTH_MAX ) )
          SNEQV = SNOWH * SNDENS 

      ELSEIF ( SEAICE_SNOWDEPTH_OPT == 1 ) THEN

          !
          ! Regardless of the results of snopac, we want to enforce
          ! a specified snow depth and density on sea ice.
          !
          SNDENS = 0.3
          SNOWH = SNOWONSI
          SNEQV = SNOWH * SNDENS
      ENDIF

!     Calculate effective mixing ratio at ground level (skin)
      Q1=Q2+ETA_KINEMATIC*CP/RCH
!
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! DETERMINE SENSIBLE HEAT (H) IN ENERGY UNITS (W M-2)
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------

      SHEAT = - (CH * CP * SFCPRS)/ (R * T2V) * ( TH2- T1 )

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! CONVERT EVAP TERMS FROM KINEMATIC (KG M-2 S-1) TO ENERGY UNITS (W M-2)
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------

      ESNOW = ESNOW * LSUBS
      ETP = ETP*((1.-SNCOVR)*LVH2O + SNCOVR*LSUBS)
      IF (ETP .GT. 0.) THEN
         ETA = ESNOW
      ELSE
         ETA = ETP
      ENDIF

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! CONVERT THE SIGN OF SOIL HEAT FLUX SO THAT:
!   SSOIL>0: WARM THE SURFACE  (NIGHT TIME)
!   SSOIL<0: COOL THE SURFACE  (DAY TIME)
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------

      SSOIL = -1.0* SSOIL

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! FOR THE CASE OF SEA-ICE, ADD ANY
! SNOWMELT DIRECTLY TO SURFACE RUNOFF (RUNOFF1) SINCE THERE IS NO
! SOIL MEDIUM, AND THUS NO CALL TO SUBROUTINE SMFLX (FOR SOIL MOISTURE
! TENDENCY).
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
      RUNOFF1 = SNOMLT/DT

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    END SUBROUTINE SFLX_SEAICE
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------

      SUBROUTINE CSNOW (SNCOND,DSNOW)

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! SUBROUTINE CSNOW
! FUNCTION CSNOW
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! CALCULATE SNOW TERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
      IMPLICIT NONE
      REAL, INTENT(IN) :: DSNOW
      REAL, INTENT(OUT):: SNCOND
      REAL             :: C
      REAL, PARAMETER  :: UNIT = 0.11631

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! SNCOND IN UNITS OF CAL/(CM*HR*C), RETURNED IN W/(M*C)
! CSNOW IN UNITS OF CAL/(CM*HR*C), RETURNED IN W/(M*C)
! BASIC VERSION IS DYACHKOVA EQUATION (1960), FOR RANGE 0.1-0.4
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
      C = 0.328*10** (2.25* DSNOW)
!      CSNOW=UNIT*C

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! DE VAUX EQUATION (1933), IN RANGE 0.1-0.6
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
!      SNCOND=0.0293*(1.+100.*DSNOW**2)
!      CSNOW=0.0293*(1.+100.*DSNOW**2)

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! E. ANDERSEN FROM FLERCHINGER
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
!      SNCOND=0.021+2.51*DSNOW**2
!      CSNOW=0.021+2.51*DSNOW**2

!      SNCOND = UNIT * C
! double snow thermal conductivity
      SNCOND = 2.0 * UNIT * C

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
  END SUBROUTINE CSNOW
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
  SUBROUTINE HRTICE (RHSTS,STC,TBOT,NSOIL,ZSOIL,YY,ZZ1,DF1,AI,BI,CI)
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! CALCULATE THE RIGHT HAND SIDE OF THE TIME TENDENCY TERM OF THE SOIL
! THERMAL DIFFUSION EQUATION IN THE CASE OF SEA-ICE (ICE=1) OR GLACIAL
! ICE (ICE=-1). COMPUTE (PREPARE) THE MATRIX COEFFICIENTS FOR THE
! TRI-DIAGONAL MATRIX OF THE IMPLICIT TIME SCHEME.
!
! (NOTE:  THIS SUBROUTINE ONLY CALLED FOR SEA-ICE OR GLACIAL ICE, BUT
! NOT FOR NON-GLACIAL LAND (ICE = 0).
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
      IMPLICIT NONE


      INTEGER, INTENT(IN)    :: NSOIL
      INTEGER                :: K

      REAL,    INTENT(IN)    :: DF1,YY,ZZ1
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(OUT):: AI, BI,CI
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(IN) :: STC, ZSOIL
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(OUT):: RHSTS
      REAL,                     INTENT(IN) :: TBOT
      REAL                   :: DDZ,DDZ2,DENOM,DTSDZ,DTSDZ2,SSOIL,       &
                                ZBOT
      REAL                   :: HCPCT
      REAL :: DF1K
      REAL :: DF1N
      REAL :: ZMD

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! SET A NOMINAL UNIVERSAL VALUE OF THE SEA-ICE SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY,
! HCPCT = 1880.0*917.0.
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
      ! Sea-ice values
      HCPCT = 1.72396E+6

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! THE INPUT ARGUMENT DF1 IS A UNIVERSALLY CONSTANT VALUE OF SEA-ICE
! THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY, SET IN ROUTINE SNOPAC AS DF1 = 2.2.
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! SET ICE PACK DEPTH.  USE TBOT AS ICE PACK LOWER BOUNDARY TEMPERATURE
! (THAT OF UNFROZEN SEA WATER AT BOTTOM OF SEA ICE PACK).  ASSUME ICE
! PACK IS OF N=NSOIL LAYERS SPANNING A UNIFORM CONSTANT ICE PACK
! THICKNESS AS DEFINED BY ZSOIL(NSOIL) IN ROUTINE SFLX.
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! CALC THE MATRIX COEFFICIENTS AI, BI, AND CI FOR THE TOP LAYER
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
      ZBOT = ZSOIL (NSOIL)
      DDZ = 1.0 / ( -0.5 * ZSOIL (2) )
      AI (1) = 0.0
      CI (1) = (DF1 * DDZ) / (ZSOIL (1) * HCPCT)

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! CALC THE VERTICAL SOIL TEMP GRADIENT BTWN THE TOP AND 2ND SOIL LAYERS.
! RECALC/ADJUST THE SOIL HEAT FLUX.  USE THE GRADIENT AND FLUX TO CALC
! RHSTS FOR THE TOP SOIL LAYER.
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
      BI (1) = - CI (1) + DF1/ (0.5 * ZSOIL (1) * ZSOIL (1) * HCPCT *    &
       ZZ1)
      DTSDZ = ( STC (1) - STC (2) ) / ( -0.5 * ZSOIL (2) )
      SSOIL = DF1 * ( STC (1) - YY ) / ( 0.5 * ZSOIL (1) * ZZ1 )

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! INITIALIZE DDZ2
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
      RHSTS (1) = ( DF1 * DTSDZ - SSOIL ) / ( ZSOIL (1) * HCPCT )

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! LOOP THRU THE REMAINING SOIL LAYERS, REPEATING THE ABOVE PROCESS
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
      DDZ2 = 0.0
      DF1K = DF1
      DF1N = DF1
      DO K = 2,NSOIL

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! CALC THE VERTICAL SOIL TEMP GRADIENT THRU THIS LAYER.
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
         IF (K /= NSOIL) THEN
            DENOM = 0.5 * ( ZSOIL (K -1) - ZSOIL (K +1) )

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! CALC THE MATRIX COEF, CI, AFTER CALC'NG ITS PARTIAL PRODUCT.
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
            DTSDZ2 = ( STC (K) - STC (K +1) ) / DENOM
            DDZ2 = 2. / (ZSOIL (K -1) - ZSOIL (K +1))
            CI (K) = - DF1N * DDZ2 / ( (ZSOIL (K -1) - ZSOIL (K))*HCPCT)

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! CALC THE VERTICAL SOIL TEMP GRADIENT THRU THE LOWEST LAYER.
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
         ELSE

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! SET MATRIX COEF, CI TO ZERO.
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
            DTSDZ2 = (STC (K) - TBOT)/ (.5 * (ZSOIL (K -1) + ZSOIL (K)) &
                     - ZBOT)
            CI (K) = 0.
         END IF
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! CALC RHSTS FOR THIS LAYER AFTER CALC'NG A PARTIAL PRODUCT.
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
         DENOM = ( ZSOIL (K) - ZSOIL (K -1) ) * HCPCT
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! CALC MATRIX COEFS, AI, AND BI FOR THIS LAYER.
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
         RHSTS (K) = ( DF1N * DTSDZ2- DF1K * DTSDZ ) / DENOM
         AI (K) = - DF1K * DDZ / ( (ZSOIL (K -1) - ZSOIL (K)) * HCPCT)
         BI (K) = - (AI (K) + CI (K))
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! RESET VALUES OF DTSDZ AND DDZ FOR LOOP TO NEXT SOIL LYR.
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
         DF1K = DF1N
         DTSDZ = DTSDZ2
         DDZ = DDZ2
      END DO
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
  END SUBROUTINE HRTICE
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------

  SUBROUTINE PENMAN (SFCTMP,SFCPRS,CH,TH2,PRCP,FDOWN,T24,SSOIL, &
       &             Q2,Q2SAT,ETP,RCH,RR,SNOWNG,FRZGRA,       &
       &             DQSDT2,FLX2,EMISSI,T1)

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! CALCULATE POTENTIAL EVAPORATION FOR THE CURRENT POINT.  VARIOUS
! PARTIAL SUMS/PRODUCTS ARE ALSO CALCULATED AND PASSED BACK TO THE
! CALLING ROUTINE FOR LATER USE.
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------

    IMPLICIT NONE
    LOGICAL, INTENT(IN)     :: SNOWNG, FRZGRA
    REAL, INTENT(IN)        :: CH, DQSDT2, FDOWN, PRCP,           &
         &                     Q2, Q2SAT, SSOIL, SFCPRS, SFCTMP,  &
         &                     TH2,EMISSI
    REAL, INTENT(IN)        :: T1, T24, RCH
    REAL, INTENT(OUT)       :: ETP,FLX2,RR
    REAL                    :: ELCP1, LVS, EPSCA, A, DELTA, FNET, RAD

    REAL, PARAMETER      :: ELCP = 2.4888E+3, LSUBC = 2.501000E+6,CP = 1004.6
    REAL, PARAMETER      :: LSUBS = 2.83E+6

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! PREPARE PARTIAL QUANTITIES FOR PENMAN EQUATION.
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------

    IF ( T1 > 273.15 ) THEN
       ELCP1=ELCP
       LVS=LSUBC
    ELSE
       ELCP1  = ELCP*LSUBS/LSUBC
       LVS    = LSUBS
    ENDIF

    FLX2 = 0.0
    DELTA = ELCP1 * DQSDT2
    RR = EMISSI * T24 * 6.48E-8 / (SFCPRS * CH) + 1.0

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! ADJUST THE PARTIAL SUMS / PRODUCTS WITH THE LATENT HEAT
! EFFECTS CAUSED BY FALLING PRECIPITATION.
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------

    IF ( PRCP > 0.0 ) THEN
       IF (.NOT. SNOWNG) THEN
          RR = RR + CPH2O * PRCP / RCH
       ELSE
          RR = RR + CPICE * PRCP / RCH
       ENDIF
    ENDIF

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! INCLUDE THE LATENT HEAT EFFECTS OF FREEZING RAIN CONVERTING TO ICE ON
! IMPACT IN THE CALCULATION OF FLX2 AND FNET.
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------

    FNET = FDOWN - EMISSI * SIGMA * T24 - SSOIL
    IF (FRZGRA) THEN
       FLX2 = - LSUBF * PRCP
       FNET = FNET - FLX2
    END IF

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! FINISH PENMAN EQUATION CALCULATIONS.
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------

    RAD = FNET / RCH + TH2 - SFCTMP
    A = ELCP1 * (Q2SAT - Q2)
    EPSCA = (A * RR + RAD * DELTA) / (DELTA + RR)
    ETP = EPSCA * RCH / LVS

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
  END SUBROUTINE PENMAN
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------

  SUBROUTINE SHFLX (STC,NSOIL,DT,YY,ZZ1,ZSOIL,TBOT,DF1)
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! UPDATE THE TEMPERATURE STATE OF THE SOIL COLUMN BASED ON THE THERMAL
! DIFFUSION EQUATION.
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
      IMPLICIT NONE

      INTEGER,                  INTENT(IN)    :: NSOIL
      REAL,                     INTENT(IN)    :: DF1,DT,TBOT,YY, ZZ1
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(IN)    :: ZSOIL
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(INOUT) :: STC
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL)                :: AI, BI, CI, STCF,RHSTS
      INTEGER                                 :: I
      REAL, PARAMETER                         :: T0 = 273.15

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! HRTICE ROUTINE CALCS THE RIGHT HAND SIDE OF THE SOIL TEMP DIF EQN
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------

      CALL HRTICE (RHSTS,STC,TBOT,NSOIL,ZSOIL,YY,ZZ1,DF1,AI,BI,CI)
      CALL HSTEP (STCF,STC,RHSTS,DT,NSOIL,AI,BI,CI)

      DO I = 1,NSOIL
         STC (I) = STCF (I)
      END DO

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
  END SUBROUTINE SHFLX
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------

  SUBROUTINE SNOPAC (ETP,ETA,PRCP,SNOWNG,            &
       NSOIL,DT,DF1,                                 &
       Q2,T1,SFCTMP,T24,TH2,FDOWN,SSOIL,STC,         &
       SFCPRS,RCH,RR,SNCOVR,ESD,SNDENS,              &
       SNOWH,ZSOIL,TBOT,                             &
       SNOMLT,DEW,FLX1,FLX2,FLX3,ESNOW,EMISSI,       &
       RIBB, SEAICE_ALBEDO_OPT)

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! SUBROUTINE SNOPAC
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! CALCULATE SOIL MOISTURE AND HEAT FLUX VALUES & UPDATE SOIL MOISTURE
! CONTENT AND SOIL HEAT CONTENT VALUES FOR THE CASE WHEN A SNOW PACK IS
! PRESENT.
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    IMPLICIT NONE

    INTEGER, INTENT(IN)   :: NSOIL
    INTEGER               :: K
    LOGICAL, INTENT(IN)   :: SNOWNG
    REAL, INTENT(IN)      :: DF1,                                     &
         &                   DT,FDOWN,                                &
         &                   PRCP,Q2,                                 &
         &                   RCH,RR,SFCPRS, SFCTMP,                   &
         &                   T24,                                     &
         &                   TBOT,TH2,EMISSI
    REAL, INTENT(INOUT)   :: ESD,FLX2,SNOWH,SNCOVR,                   &
         &                   SNDENS, T1, RIBB, ETP
    REAL, INTENT(OUT)     :: DEW,ESNOW,                               &
         &                   FLX1,FLX3, SSOIL,SNOMLT
    REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL),INTENT(IN)     :: ZSOIL
    REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(INOUT) :: STC
    REAL                  :: DENOM,DSOIL,DTOT,ETA,                    &
         &                   ESNOW1, ESNOW2, ETA1,ETP1,ETP2,          &
         &                   ETANRG, EX, SEH,                         &
         &                   SNCOND,T12, T12A,                        &
         &                   T12B, T14, YY, ZZ1
    INTEGER, INTENT(IN)   :: SEAICE_ALBEDO_OPT
    REAL, PARAMETER       :: ESDMIN = 1.E-6, LSUBC = 2.501000E+6,     &
         LSUBS = 2.83E+6, SNOEXP = 2.0

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! SNOWCOVER FRACTION = 1.0, AND SUBLIMATION IS AT THE POTENTIAL RATE.
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! INITIALIZE EVAP TERMS.
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! conversions:
! ESNOW [KG M-2 S-1]
! ESNOW1 [M S-1]
! ESNOW2 [M]
! ETP [KG M-2 S-1]
! ETP1 [M S-1]
! ETP2 [M]
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    DEW = 0.
    ESNOW = 0.
    ESNOW1 = 0.
    ESNOW2 = 0.

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! CONVERT POTENTIAL EVAP (ETP) FROM KG M-2 S-1 TO ETP1 IN M S-1
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! IF ETP<0 (DOWNWARD) THEN DEWFALL (=FROSTFALL IN THIS CASE).
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    IF (ETP <= 0.0) THEN
       IF ( ( RIBB >= 0.1 ) .AND. ( FDOWN > 150.0 ) ) THEN
          ETP=(MIN(ETP*(1.0-RIBB),0.)*SNCOVR/0.980 + ETP*(0.980-SNCOVR))/0.980
       ENDIF
       ETP1 = ETP * 0.001
       DEW = -ETP1
       ESNOW2 = ETP1*DT
       ETANRG = ETP*((1.-SNCOVR)*LSUBC + SNCOVR*LSUBS)
    ELSE
       ETP1 = ETP * 0.001
       ESNOW  = ETP
       ESNOW1 = ESNOW*0.001
       ESNOW2 = ESNOW1*DT
       ETANRG = ESNOW*LSUBS
       ESNOW  = ETP*SNCOVR
       ESNOW1 = ESNOW*0.001
       ESNOW2 = ESNOW1*DT
       ETANRG = ESNOW*LSUBS
    END IF

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! IF PRECIP IS FALLING, CALCULATE HEAT FLUX FROM SNOW SFC TO NEWLY
! ACCUMULATING PRECIP.  NOTE THAT THIS REFLECTS THE FLUX APPROPRIATE FOR
! THE NOT-YET-UPDATED SKIN TEMPERATURE (T1).  ASSUMES TEMPERATURE OF THE
! SNOWFALL STRIKING THE GROUND IS =SFCTMP (LOWEST MODEL LEVEL AIR TEMP).
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    FLX1 = 0.0
    IF (SNOWNG) THEN
       FLX1 = CPICE * PRCP * (T1- SFCTMP)
    ELSE
       IF (PRCP >  0.0) FLX1 = CPH2O * PRCP * (T1- SFCTMP)
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! CALCULATE AN 'EFFECTIVE SNOW-GRND SFC TEMP' (T12) BASED ON HEAT FLUXES
! BETWEEN THE SNOW PACK AND THE SOIL AND ON NET RADIATION.
! INCLUDE FLX1 (PRECIP-SNOW SFC) AND FLX2 (FREEZING RAIN LATENT HEAT)
! FLUXES.  FLX1 FROM ABOVE, FLX2 BROUGHT IN VIA COMMOM BLOCK RITE.
! FLX2 REFLECTS FREEZING RAIN LATENT HEAT FLUX USING T1 CALCULATED IN
! PENMAN.
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    END IF
    DSOIL = - (0.5 * ZSOIL (1))
    DTOT = SNOWH + DSOIL
    DENOM = 1.0+ DF1 / (DTOT * RR * RCH)
! surface emissivity weighted by snow cover fraction
!      T12A = ( (FDOWN - FLX1 - FLX2 -                                   &
!     &       ((SNCOVR*EMISSI_S)+EMISSI*(1.0-SNCOVR))*SIGMA *T24)/RCH    &
!     &       + TH2 - SFCTMP - ETANRG/RCH ) / RR
    T12A = ( (FDOWN - FLX1 - FLX2 - EMISSI * SIGMA * T24)/ RCH                    &
         + TH2 - SFCTMP - ETANRG / RCH ) / RR

    T12B = DF1 * STC (1) / (DTOT * RR * RCH)

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! IF THE 'EFFECTIVE SNOW-GRND SFC TEMP' IS AT OR BELOW FREEZING, NO SNOW
! MELT WILL OCCUR.  SET THE SKIN TEMP TO THIS EFFECTIVE TEMP.  REDUCE
! (BY SUBLIMINATION ) OR INCREASE (BY FROST) THE DEPTH OF THE SNOWPACK,
! DEPENDING ON SIGN OF ETP.
! UPDATE SOIL HEAT FLUX (SSOIL) USING NEW SKIN TEMPERATURE (T1)
! SINCE NO SNOWMELT, SET ACCUMULATED SNOWMELT TO ZERO, SET 'EFFECTIVE'
! PRECIP FROM SNOWMELT TO ZERO, SET PHASE-CHANGE HEAT FLUX FROM SNOWMELT
! TO ZERO.
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! SUB-FREEZING BLOCK
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    T12 = (SFCTMP + T12A + T12B) / DENOM
    IF (T12 <=  TFREEZ) THEN
       T1 = T12
       SSOIL = DF1 * (T1- STC (1)) / DTOT
!        ESD = MAX (0.0, ESD- ETP2)
       ESD = MAX(0.0, ESD-ESNOW2)
       FLX3 = 0.0
       EX = 0.0

       SNOMLT = 0.0
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! IF THE 'EFFECTIVE SNOW-GRND SFC TEMP' IS ABOVE FREEZING, SNOW MELT
! WILL OCCUR.  CALL THE SNOW MELT RATE,EX AND AMT, SNOMLT.  REVISE THE
! EFFECTIVE SNOW DEPTH.  REVISE THE SKIN TEMP BECAUSE IT WOULD HAVE CHGD
! DUE TO THE LATENT HEAT RELEASED BY THE MELTING. CALC THE LATENT HEAT
! RELEASED, FLX3.  ADJUSTMENT TO T1 TO ACCOUNT FOR SNOW PATCHES.
! CALCULATE QSAT VALID AT FREEZING POINT.  NOTE THAT ESAT (SATURATION
! VAPOR PRESSURE) VALUE OF 6.11E+2 USED HERE IS THAT VALID AT FRZZING
! POINT.  NOTE THAT ETP FROM CALL PENMAN IN SFLX IS IGNORED HERE IN
! FAVOR OF BULK ETP OVER 'OPEN WATER' AT FREEZING TEMP.
! UPDATE SOIL HEAT FLUX (S) USING NEW SKIN TEMPERATURE (T1)
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! ABOVE FREEZING BLOCK
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    ELSE
       T1 = TFREEZ * SNCOVR ** SNOEXP + T12 * (1.0- SNCOVR ** SNOEXP)
       SSOIL = DF1 * (T1- STC (1)) / DTOT

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! IF POTENTIAL EVAP (SUBLIMATION) GREATER THAN DEPTH OF SNOWPACK.
! SNOWPACK HAS SUBLIMATED AWAY, SET DEPTH TO ZERO.
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------

       IF (ESD-ESNOW2 <= ESDMIN) THEN
          ESD = 0.0
          EX = 0.0
          SNOMLT = 0.0
          FLX3 = 0.0
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! SUBLIMATION LESS THAN DEPTH OF SNOWPACK
! SNOWPACK (ESD) REDUCED BY ESNOW2 (DEPTH OF SUBLIMATED SNOW)
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
       ELSE
          ESD = ESD-ESNOW2
          SEH = RCH * (T1- TH2)
          T14 = ( T1 * T1 ) * ( T1 * T1 )
          FLX3 = FDOWN - FLX1- FLX2- EMISSI*SIGMA * T14- SSOIL - SEH - ETANRG
          IF (FLX3 <= 0.0) FLX3 = 0.0
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! SNOWMELT REDUCTION DEPENDING ON SNOW COVER
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
          EX = FLX3*0.001/ LSUBF

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! ESDMIN REPRESENTS A SNOWPACK DEPTH THRESHOLD VALUE BELOW WHICH WE
! CHOOSE NOT TO RETAIN ANY SNOWPACK, AND INSTEAD INCLUDE IT IN SNOWMELT.
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
          SNOMLT = EX * DT
          IF (ESD- SNOMLT >=  ESDMIN) THEN
             ESD = ESD- SNOMLT
          ELSE
             !
             ! SNOWMELT EXCEEDS SNOW DEPTH
             !
             EX = ESD / DT
             FLX3 = EX *1000.0* LSUBF
             SNOMLT = ESD

             ESD = 0.0
          ENDIF
       ENDIF

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! END OF 'T12 .LE. TFREEZ' IF-BLOCK
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------

    ENDIF

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! FOR SEA-ICE, THE SNOWMELT WILL BE ADDED TO SUBSURFACE
! RUNOFF/BASEFLOW LATER NEAR THE END OF SFLX (AFTER RETURN FROM CALL TO
! SUBROUTINE SNOPAC)
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! SET THE EFFECTIVE POTNL EVAPOTRANSP (ETP1) TO ZERO SINCE THIS IS SNOW
! CASE, SO SURFACE EVAP NOT CALCULATED FROM EDIR IN SMFLX (BELOW).
! IF SEAICE (ICE==1) SKIP CALL TO SMFLX, SINCE NO SOIL MEDIUM FOR SEA-ICE
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! BEFORE CALL SHFLX IN THIS SNOWPACK CASE, SET ZZ1 AND YY ARGUMENTS TO
! SPECIAL VALUES THAT ENSURE THAT GROUND HEAT FLUX CALCULATED IN SHFLX
! MATCHES THAT ALREADY COMPUTED FOR BELOW THE SNOWPACK, THUS THE SFC
! HEAT FLUX TO BE COMPUTED IN SHFLX WILL EFFECTIVELY BE THE FLUX AT THE
! SNOW TOP SURFACE.
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------

    ZZ1 = 1.0
    YY = STC (1) -0.5* SSOIL * ZSOIL (1)* ZZ1/ DF1

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! SHFLX WILL CALC/UPDATE THE ICE TEMPS.
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------

    CALL SHFLX (STC,NSOIL,DT,YY,ZZ1,ZSOIL,TBOT,DF1)

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! SNOW DEPTH AND DENSITY ADJUSTMENT BASED ON SNOW COMPACTION.  YY IS
! ASSUMED TO BE THE SOIL TEMPERTURE AT THE TOP OF THE SOIL COLUMN.
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    SELECT CASE ( SEAICE_ALBEDO_OPT )

    CASE DEFAULT

       IF (ESD .GE. 0.01) THEN
          CALL SNOWPACK (ESD,DT,SNOWH,SNDENS,T1,YY)
       ELSE
          ESD = 0.01
          SNOWH = 0.05
!KWM???? SNDENS =
!KWM???? SNCOND =
          SNCOVR = 1.0
       ENDIF

    CASE ( 1 ) ! Arctic sea-ice albedo from Mills (2011)

       IF ( ESD >= 0.0001 ) THEN
          CALL SNOWPACK (ESD,DT,SNOWH,SNDENS,T1,YY)
       ELSE
          ESD    = 0.0001
          SNOWH  = 0.0005
          SNCOVR = 0.005
       ENDIF

    END SELECT
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
  END SUBROUTINE SNOPAC
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------

      SUBROUTINE SNOWPACK (ESD,DTSEC,SNOWH,SNDENS,TSNOW,TSOIL)

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! SUBROUTINE SNOWPACK
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! CALCULATE COMPACTION OF SNOWPACK UNDER CONDITIONS OF INCREASING SNOW
! DENSITY, AS OBTAINED FROM AN APPROXIMATE SOLUTION OF E. ANDERSON'S
! DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION (3.29), NOAA TECHNICAL REPORT NWS 19, BY VICTOR
! KOREN, 03/25/95.
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! ESD     WATER EQUIVALENT OF SNOW (M)
! DTSEC   TIME STEP (SEC)
! SNOWH   SNOW DEPTH (M)
! SNDENS  SNOW DENSITY (G/CM3=DIMENSIONLESS FRACTION OF H2O DENSITY)
! TSNOW   SNOW SURFACE TEMPERATURE (K)
! TSOIL   SOIL SURFACE TEMPERATURE (K)

! SUBROUTINE WILL RETURN NEW VALUES OF SNOWH AND SNDENS
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
      IMPLICIT NONE

      INTEGER                :: IPOL, J
      REAL, INTENT(IN)       :: ESD, DTSEC,TSNOW,TSOIL
      REAL, INTENT(INOUT)    :: SNOWH, SNDENS
      REAL                   :: BFAC,DSX,DTHR,DW,SNOWHC,PEXP,           &
                                TAVGC,TSNOWC,TSOILC,ESDC,ESDCX
      REAL, PARAMETER        :: C1 = 0.01, C2 = 21.0, G = 9.81,         &
                                KN = 4000.0
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! CONVERSION INTO SIMULATION UNITS
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
      SNOWHC = SNOWH *100.
      ESDC = ESD *100.
      DTHR = DTSEC /3600.
      TSNOWC = TSNOW -273.15
      TSOILC = TSOIL -273.15

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! CALCULATING OF AVERAGE TEMPERATURE OF SNOW PACK
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! CALCULATING OF SNOW DEPTH AND DENSITY AS A RESULT OF COMPACTION
!  SNDENS=DS0*(EXP(BFAC*ESD)-1.)/(BFAC*ESD)
!  BFAC=DTHR*C1*EXP(0.08*TAVGC-C2*DS0)
! NOTE: BFAC*ESD IN SNDENS EQN ABOVE HAS TO BE CAREFULLY TREATED
! NUMERICALLY BELOW:
!   C1 IS THE FRACTIONAL INCREASE IN DENSITY (1/(CM*HR))
!   C2 IS A CONSTANT (CM3/G) KOJIMA ESTIMATED AS 21 CMS/G
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
      TAVGC = 0.5* (TSNOWC + TSOILC)
      IF (ESDC >  1.E-2) THEN
         ESDCX = ESDC
      ELSE
         ESDCX = 1.E-2
      END IF

!      DSX = SNDENS*((DEXP(BFAC*ESDC)-1.)/(BFAC*ESDC))
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! THE FUNCTION OF THE FORM (e**x-1)/x EMBEDDED IN ABOVE EXPRESSION
! FOR DSX WAS CAUSING NUMERICAL DIFFICULTIES WHEN THE DENOMINATOR "x"
! (I.E. BFAC*ESDC) BECAME ZERO OR APPROACHED ZERO (DESPITE THE FACT THAT
! THE ANALYTICAL FUNCTION (e**x-1)/x HAS A WELL DEFINED LIMIT AS
! "x" APPROACHES ZERO), HENCE BELOW WE REPLACE THE (e**x-1)/x
! EXPRESSION WITH AN EQUIVALENT, NUMERICALLY WELL-BEHAVED
! POLYNOMIAL EXPANSION.

! NUMBER OF TERMS OF POLYNOMIAL EXPANSION, AND HENCE ITS ACCURACY,
! IS GOVERNED BY ITERATION LIMIT "IPOL".
!      IPOL GREATER THAN 9 ONLY MAKES A DIFFERENCE ON DOUBLE
!            PRECISION (RELATIVE ERRORS GIVEN IN PERCENT %).
!       IPOL=9, FOR REL.ERROR <~ 1.6 E-6 % (8 SIGNIFICANT DIGITS)
!       IPOL=8, FOR REL.ERROR <~ 1.8 E-5 % (7 SIGNIFICANT DIGITS)
!       IPOL=7, FOR REL.ERROR <~ 1.8 E-4 % ...
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
      BFAC = DTHR * C1* EXP (0.08* TAVGC - C2* SNDENS)
      IPOL = 4
      PEXP = 0.
!        PEXP = (1. + PEXP)*BFAC*ESDC/REAL(J+1)
      DO J = IPOL,1, -1
         PEXP = (1. + PEXP)* BFAC * ESDCX / REAL (J +1)
      END DO

      PEXP = PEXP + 1.
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! ABOVE LINE ENDS POLYNOMIAL SUBSTITUTION
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
!     END OF KOREAN FORMULATION

!     BASE FORMULATION (COGLEY ET AL., 1990)
!     CONVERT DENSITY FROM G/CM3 TO KG/M3
!       DSM=SNDENS*1000.0

!       DSX=DSM+DTSEC*0.5*DSM*G*ESD/
!    &      (1E7*EXP(-0.02*DSM+KN/(TAVGC+273.16)-14.643))

!  &   CONVERT DENSITY FROM KG/M3 TO G/CM3
!       DSX=DSX/1000.0

!     END OF COGLEY ET AL. FORMULATION

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! SET UPPER/LOWER LIMIT ON SNOW DENSITY
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
      DSX = SNDENS * (PEXP)
      IF (DSX > 0.40) DSX = 0.40
      IF (DSX < 0.05) DSX = 0.05
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! UPDATE OF SNOW DEPTH AND DENSITY DEPENDING ON LIQUID WATER DURING
! SNOWMELT.  ASSUMED THAT 13% OF LIQUID WATER CAN BE STORED IN SNOW PER
! DAY DURING SNOWMELT TILL SNOW DENSITY 0.40.
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
      SNDENS = DSX
      IF (TSNOWC >=  0.) THEN
         DW = 0.13* DTHR /24.
         SNDENS = SNDENS * (1. - DW) + DW
         IF (SNDENS >=  0.40) SNDENS = 0.40
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! CALCULATE SNOW DEPTH (CM) FROM SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT AND SNOW DENSITY.
! CHANGE SNOW DEPTH UNITS TO METERS
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
      END IF
      SNOWHC = ESDC / SNDENS
      SNOWH = SNOWHC *0.01

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
  END SUBROUTINE SNOWPACK
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------

      SUBROUTINE SNOWZ0 (SNCOVR,Z0, Z0BRD, SNOWH)

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! SUBROUTINE SNOWZ0
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! CALCULATE TOTAL ROUGHNESS LENGTH OVER SNOW
! SNCOVR  FRACTIONAL SNOW COVER
! Z0      ROUGHNESS LENGTH (m)
! Z0S     SNOW ROUGHNESS LENGTH:=0.001 (m)
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
      IMPLICIT NONE
      REAL, INTENT(IN)        :: SNCOVR, Z0BRD
      REAL, INTENT(OUT)       :: Z0
      REAL, PARAMETER         :: Z0S=0.001
      REAL, INTENT(IN)        :: SNOWH
      REAL                    :: BURIAL
      REAL                    :: Z0EFF

!m      Z0 = (1.- SNCOVR)* Z0BRD + SNCOVR * Z0S
      BURIAL = 7.0*Z0BRD - SNOWH
      IF(BURIAL.LE.0.0007) THEN
        Z0EFF = Z0S
      ELSE      
        Z0EFF = BURIAL/7.0
      ENDIF
      
      Z0 = (1.- SNCOVR)* Z0BRD + SNCOVR * Z0EFF

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
  END SUBROUTINE SNOWZ0
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------


      SUBROUTINE SNOW_NEW (TEMP,NEWSN,SNOWH,SNDENS)

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! SUBROUTINE SNOW_NEW
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! CALCULATE SNOW DEPTH AND DENSITY TO ACCOUNT FOR THE NEW SNOWFALL.
! NEW VALUES OF SNOW DEPTH & DENSITY RETURNED.

! TEMP    AIR TEMPERATURE (K)
! NEWSN   NEW SNOWFALL (M)
! SNOWH   SNOW DEPTH (M)
! SNDENS  SNOW DENSITY (G/CM3=DIMENSIONLESS FRACTION OF H2O DENSITY)
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
      IMPLICIT NONE
      REAL, INTENT(IN)        :: NEWSN, TEMP
      REAL, INTENT(INOUT)     :: SNDENS, SNOWH
      REAL                    :: DSNEW, HNEWC, SNOWHC,NEWSNC,TEMPC

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! CONVERSION INTO SIMULATION UNITS
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
      SNOWHC = SNOWH *100.
      NEWSNC = NEWSN *100.

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! CALCULATING NEW SNOWFALL DENSITY DEPENDING ON TEMPERATURE
! EQUATION FROM GOTTLIB L. 'A GENERAL RUNOFF MODEL FOR SNOWCOVERED
! AND GLACIERIZED BASIN', 6TH NORDIC HYDROLOGICAL CONFERENCE,
! VEMADOLEN, SWEDEN, 1980, 172-177PP.
!-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      TEMPC = TEMP -273.15
      IF (TEMPC <=  -15.) THEN
         DSNEW = 0.05
      ELSE
         DSNEW = 0.05+0.0017* (TEMPC +15.)**1.5
      END IF
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! ADJUSTMENT OF SNOW DENSITY DEPENDING ON NEW SNOWFALL
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
      HNEWC = NEWSNC / DSNEW
      IF (SNOWHC + HNEWC .LT. 1.0E-3) THEN
         SNDENS = MAX(DSNEW,SNDENS)
      ELSE
         SNDENS = (SNOWHC * SNDENS + HNEWC * DSNEW)/ (SNOWHC + HNEWC)
      ENDIF
      SNOWHC = SNOWHC + HNEWC
      SNOWH = SNOWHC *0.01

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
  END SUBROUTINE SNOW_NEW
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------

END MODULE module_sf_noah_seaice
